Critical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critical analysis - Essay Example He is put in an asylum. The place- Villete, an asylum in the city of Ljubljana. And the author- an expert storyteller, Paulo Coelho. Though, the plot of the story may sound gloomy but the story keeps the reader engaged as it unwinds. Because, you can relate to atleast one of the characters, you are eager to find out what happens next. You want to know the path taken up by the characters. Perhaps, you could follow the same. And the path that you should follow in life is revealed by Paulo Coelho in the most amazing way. You will find it difficult, if not difficult, impossible to disagree with him. The battle of every character is painted by Paulo Coelho with great detail. On one fine day (11 November 1997), Veronika simply decides to die. She swallows sleeping pills and peacefully waits for her death. She could have used some other method of committing suicide but the book explains why she uses sleeping pills- â€Å"Obviously she could have thrown herself off one of the few tall buildings in Ljubljana, but what about the further suffering caused to her parents by a fall from such a height?† Veronika fails to realize that her death will, anyway, bring misery to her parents. Veronika is saved and admitted to an asylum. In the asylum, she is told by Dr.Igor that her suicide attempt has succeeded but she will live for another five days before she dies. Veronika had planned to die quickly. But waiting for your death is different. And so, begins the five day ordeal for Veronika. Many of us commit suicide and die a cowardly death. This happens in a matter of a few minutes. How quickly the scenario changes when you have to wait for your death! You know that every minute is taking you towards death. And so you want to make the most of it. That is what happens to Veronika. At the asylum, Veronika meets other ‘mad’ people.

The Behaving Brain Essay Example for Free

The Behaving Brain Essay The Video begins by explaining what we learned in class on Thursday about how the brain is made up of and how it works. It explained that a message will travel down axon then the message travels into the dendrites that release the message into the synapse. The brain becomes the most complex thing in the universe because it controls so many different things in the human body. It regulates our metabolism, temperature and respiration. It also enables us to learn, remember and decide. The video then moved on to talking about a new breed of scientists called neuroscientists. They are guided my the assumption that everything in the brain can be explained by biological or chemical events taking place within it either through out the entire brain or a region within. It went on to explain certain parts of the brain such as the brain stem, which controls life support in the body. The cerebellum that controls body movement and the limbic system which maintains the bodies inside workings and controls emotions. Ways of approaching the study of the brain is with brain imaging, which can provide researchers with actual pictures of the brains inner workings. The best way to study the brain is to record the brains electrical activity using a EEG machine. E. Roy John practices neurometrics. A way of recorded electrical activity of a patient and comparing it with a recording of normal brain activity. It enables you to see if any certain person has a mental or emotional disease such as depression or alcoholism. Some researchers study the brain chemically. Joseph Martinez focuses on chemicals that promote learning and memory. He tries to coax the brain to remember or in some cases forget things by introducing certain chemicals into the body. This research is being practiced in search for a cure for Alzheimers disease. The last section of the video was on a study of patients with Amnesia. Mieke Vertaellie works with patients in helping them recover and build new memories of which have been forgotten . Her patients are given word to remember to the best of there ability then try to recite what words they remembered. Patients with Amnesia usually can remember memories or information 10 years back but are unable to remember anything more recent. I found the research experiment Joseph Martinez was using with rats to be very interesting. Training a rat in maze to find food by following a certain track in the maze. After the rat had been trained to find the food Martinez introducing a chemical causing the rat to forget its training and wasnt able to find the food. I thought that was a great step in finding a cure for Alzheimers disease. But understanding the brain seems to be an ongoing and maybe never ending search to understand it. Its amazing to think a brain weighing 3 lbs is capable of being able to know more than any computer is a big thought to wrap your head around. I found the most interesting research in the video to be the chemical research. So much can be controlled with the chemicals in the brain. pain, happiness, depression, motor control is all controlled by the brain. Introducing more or less of a neurotransmitter can benefit humans in hundreds of ways.

Human Trafficking vs. Prostitution: Is There a Difference? Essay

In today’s modern society, prostitution is defined as the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations, especially for money. Trafficking can be defined in terms of dealing or trading in something illegal (Merriam-Webster). In many cultures, prostitution is indeed illegal. So, is there a difference? Are there variances that set prostitution and human trafficking apart, or are they just different forms of the same industry? In order to answer this question, it is important to first understand the histories of both prostitution and human trafficking. Often dubbed â€Å"the world’s oldest profession†, prostitution can be found in the records of most major civilizations throughout human history. The first known reference to prostitution comes from the ancient Sumerians, dating back to roughly 2400 B.C. They spoke of prostitution as a religious endeavor, describing how it was used in their temple services. Prostitution began showing up in other societies as time went on. In Greece, they were called pornes. In Asia, they were referred to as orian. In Rome, depending on their registration status, they were either a meretrix or a prostibulae. For a time, this world wide practice of exchanging sexual favors for money was legal in all corners of the globe. In 590 A.D., however, the King of Spain decided to outlaw the practice in his country. He decided that women who engaged in the practice of prostitution were to be whipped and forced into exile. Soon after, many other countries began implementing their own regulations concerning the governing of prostitution. In 1161, England set up regulations requiring that all those who engaged in the practice of prostitution must be single. England also required that all brot... ....discovery.com/investigation/prostitution/prostitution-history-04.html>. "The Campaign to Rescue & Restore Victims of Human Trafficking: Fact Sheet: Human Trafficking." Administration for Children and Families. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. . Jenkins, John Philip. "Prostitution." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. . Masci, David. "Human Trafficking and Slavery: Are the World's Nations Doing Enough to Stamp It Out?" The CQ Researcher 14.12 (2004): 275-94. Web. 01 Apr. 2012. . Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. . PBS. PBS. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. .

Fishing Industry

The world’s fisheries are a huge resource that our society has overused and therefore, has caused a decline in fish stocks, which has lead to a world fishery crisis. Fish have been a vital resource for many years and are essential to the lifestyles of many people. It is also a huge economic industry for many countries. Over the past decade, fish stocks have been exploited and we have witnessed a huge decline; fish farms were created as an alternative. The fishing industry is a multibillion-dollar industry and has now created empty nets due to years of overfishing, exploitation, and inhumane fishing techniques. Overfishing is a non-sustainable use of the oceans caused by a degradation of the system due to catching too many fish for the system to support. When too many fish are caught, they cannot sustain their population, which leads to there being no more fish to be caught. Overfishing is caused because of fishing fleets worldwide that are three times larger than needed to sustain our population. â€Å"Over 25% of all the world's fish stocks are either overexploited or depleted. Another 52% is fully exploited; these are in imminent danger of overexploitation (maximum sustainable production level) and collapse. Thus a total of almost 80% of the world's fisheries are fully exploited, depleted, or in a state of collapse. Worldwide about 90% of the stocks of large predatory fish stocks are already gone. † (overfishing. org). An example of overfishing is the collapse of the cod fishing industry in Newfoundland in 1992, which collapsed due to the mismanagement of overfishing and fisheries. This lead to the loss of over 40,000 jobs and had a devastating effect on the economy. The cod fishing industry in Newfoundland is still recovering today and will probably never be the same as it once used to be. The reality of modern fishing is that the industry is dominated by fishing vessels that far out-match nature's ability to replenish fish. Giant ships using state-of-the-art fish-finding sonar can pinpoint schools of fish quickly and accurately. The ships are fitted out like giant floating factories – containing fish processing and packing plants, huge freezing systems, and powerful engine s to drag enormous fishing gear through the ocean. Put simply: the fish don't stand a chance. † (greenpeace. org). Overfishing must be stopped because if it is not, the fish stocks around the world will collapse and the fish that we are used to eating such as Tuna, Cod, Halibut, Swordfish, and Salmon will no longer be available to us and alternatives will have to be sought after. Bottom trawling is a common practice used by most fishing vessels and it is very destructive to the ocean and all of its inhabitants. Bottom trawling is when huge nets are dragged along the ocean floor. These nets have large metal plates to keep the bottom down and have wheels attached to them, crushing almost anything that crosses their path. Bottom trawlers have no care for the environment and destroy deep-sea life forms that take years to recover. Since these nets are dragged along the sea floor, it is hard to manage what is caught. Many unwanted mammals are caught in these nets, which are referred to as bycatch. â€Å"It has been estimated that a staggering 100 million sharks and rays are caught and discarded each year. Tuna fisheries, which in the past had high dolphin bycatch levels, are still responsible for the death of many sharks. An estimated 300,000 cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) also die as bycatch each year, because they are unable to escape when caught in nets. † (greenpeace. org). â€Å"Shrimp trawlers capture the most bycatch, between 2 and 10 pounds of sea life for every one pound of shrimp. All seven species of marine turtle are endangered because each year about 12,000 die as bycatch. † (Desonie 135) Overfishing is terrible for our oceans and for us as humans. Much of the fish caught goes to waste and wasting a valuable resource is extremely dangerous. If overfishing doesn’t stop, fish stocks will become depleted and at the rate we exploit the fish stocks, there is not much time. Marine protected areas or marine reserves have been implemented in some areas to stop fishing when a species becomes endangered. â€Å"Large-scale marine reserves are areas that are closed to all extractive uses, such as fishing and mining, as well as disposal activities. Within these areas there may be core zones where no human activities are allowed, for instance areas that act as scientific reference areas or areas where there are particularly sensitive habitats or species. † (greenpeace. org). These marine reserves are not put in place just to stop overfishing, they are also put in place to protect certain species from water pollution. Marine reserves are very effective and highly significant because they allow the endangered species to start recovery and to try to get back to the stage it was once at. Industrial fishing is not allowed in a marine protected area, and in some, no recreation at all is allowed. The crisis of empty nets that the world; a fishing industry is facing is the fishing industries own doing. Years of uncontrolled and unmonitored fishing have lead to the depletion of many fish stocks around the world. The fishing industry is vital to many people around the world and is a way of life for many and it would be detrimental to the global economy if fish stocks around the world were to collapse. This will happen soon if we don’t stop. Governments need to put more set of laws on fishing to try and stop the overfishing. However, it is hard to stop because most of it occurs in international waters. This is where the United Nations needs to step in and help out. Fishing is great for the economy but the way that the fishing industry operates will only destroy it and turn it into something negative in the end.

4 Ways to Sustain Tourism Industry Essay

Sustainable destinations have achieved balance. They have balanced the long-term economic needs of residents with the short and medium term needs of businesses. They have done this by creating a diverse and value-laden tourism product that attracts a mix of domestic and international guests, many of whom are repeat visitors and have made a personal financial commitment to the destination. Sustainable destinations are managed by well-trained and committed staff. They have an up-to-date tourism plan which focuses on sustainable tourism. They have the personnel, resources, and political commitment to implement and monitor the plan. Achievements are tracked and made public. Tourists are consulted and their opinions are considered in plans. Safety is taken seriously and plans and policies exist for crisis, security, fire, health and safety. See more: Defining research problem and setting objectives Essay Sustainable destinations reinvest the profits from their tourism activities in environmental conservation and historic restoration and preservation. They demonstrate a thriving culture, strong social networks and increasing biodiversity. They show effective planning, substantial land and marine protection, increased energy and water conservation, and a reduction in solid waste per guest over time. They have an effective recycling and wastewater sanitation program that is carefully managed. They have taken steps to reduce the carbon footprint of their activities. Sustainable destinations are internationally recognized, valued by tourists for their environmental quality, and receive increasing value from tourist stays. Assessment We start by working together to establish a long-term view of the destination landscape, identifying sustainability risks and strategic growth opportunities. We facilitate discussions with stakeholders, while utilizing our innovative tools and expertise to develop a clear plan of action. Planning As we design and implement initiatives, we’ll prioritize critical impacts, build local capacity and set achievable benchmarks. Over time, we’ll help you implement these programs, track their progress, and monitor your results. Standards and Monitoring Sustainable tourism standards are the genesis of quality tourism planning. Our place-based solutions focus on the needs of the destination, while assuring that local tourism businesses meet third-party verified levels of quality and sustainability.

The arts (painting, music, literature etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society.

The arts (painting, music, literature etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society. Arts is needed to make nation a better place for humans overall. Many times, it is the arts through which hidden ideas and impulses of the society are revealed. The various forms of arts like painting, music and, literature depicts the invisible aspects of our society.Consider one of the cardinal forms of art, paintings: the source through which artist elaborate reality of the world, that cannot be seen through open eyes. Consider the frescoes of Fra Angelico and others monks and nuns of medieval period, who sought primarily through their representations of Madonna and Child to reassure and be reassured about the messages of Christian redemption and salvation. Moreover, the paintings during the Renaissance period mainly focus on other Christian images and themes, especially those involving crucifixion and apocalyptic notions of judgment and damnation. Thus, in dealing with sensitive things in society like woman injustice, poverty and , cruelty arts plays vital role.Charlotte and Susa n Cushman (the Cushman sisters) ...Other form of art , that is music, is also important in expressing one's hidden feelings. Through music, we can express our sorrows as well as joys. There are many songs written to reflect the true feelings about patriotism, for example, when the great Indian leader Veer Sawarkar, was in jail for protesting against British government, he wrote a very beautiful poem which expressed his deep love about his country. Thus, music is also one of media, which reveals hidden ideas and impulses of society.Literature, which includes stories, dramas, poetry and prose, disclose the unspoken ideas and impetus of the society. There are many thrilling, suspense, romantic dramas are written that touches our heart. When we talk about dramas, none other than the renowned Shakespear comes into our mind. He has blessed world with so many wonderful dramas and poetry that still people are in...

3 Misplaced Modifiers

3 Misplaced Modifiers 3 Misplaced Modifiers 3 Misplaced Modifiers By Mark Nichol 1. â€Å"A glass of water comes by request only in restaurants.† This sentence implies that the only type of establishment in which a glass of water is served is a restaurant. However, what it means is that in a certain type of establishment, a patron must ask to be served water. To communicate the correct meaning of the sentence, structure it with that syntax: â€Å"In restaurants, a glass of water comes by request only.† 2. â€Å"She advocated as a suffragist and journalist for women to crack male-dominated careers before she became an environmentalist.† This sentence structure suggests that the subject advocated for the stated goal, hoping that it would be achieved before she entered into her prospective line of work. But â€Å"before she became an environmentalist† is a modifier that is not integral to the sentence. To clarify its relationship to the rest of the statement, reorder the sentence as done in the first example by getting the modifying phrase out of the way at the onset: â€Å"Before she became an environmentalist, she advocated as a suffragist and journalist for women to crack male-dominated careers.† 3. â€Å"The process is painless, and you can be an elected official by spending less than $100 in most communities.† The implication here is that would-be politicians can succeed by investing less than $100 in each community they visit. What the writer means, though, is that less than $100 is required to file to become a political candidate. Do you see a pattern here? A modifier invites misunderstanding when it is tacked onto the end of a sentence rather than strategically positioned. In this case, however, unlike as in the previous examples, â€Å"in most communities† does not logically belong all the way at the other end of the sentence. Yes, perhaps the process is painless in most communities, but â€Å"in most communities† applies to the fee. That phrase should be excised from its current position and inserted not as an introductory phrase but as a parenthetical: â€Å"The process is painless, and, in most communities, you can be an elected official by spending less than $100.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial Expressions15 Great Word GamesDrama vs. Melodrama

Siege of Leningrad in World War II

Siege of Leningrad in World War II The Siege of Leningrad took place from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944, during World War II. With the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, German forces, aided by the Finns, sought to capture the city of Leningrad. Fierce Soviet resistance prevented the city from falling, but the last road connection was severed that September. Though supplies could be brought across Lake Ladoga, Leningrad was effectively under siege. Subsequent German efforts to take the city failed and in early 1943 the Soviets were able to open a land route into Leningrad. Further Soviet operations finally relieved the city on January 27, 1944. The 827-day siege was one of the longest and costliest in history. Fast Facts: Siege of Leningrad Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944Commanders:AxisField Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von LeebField Marshal Georg von KÃ ¼chlerMarshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheimapprox. 725,000Soviet UnionMarshal Georgy ZhukovMarshal Kliment VoroshilovMarshal Leonid Govorovapprox. 930,000Casualties:Soviet Union: 1,017,881 killed, captured, or missing as well as 2,418,185 woundedAxis: 579,985 Background In planning for Operation Barbarossa, a key objective for German forces was the capture of Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Strategically situated at the head of the Gulf of Finland, the city possessed immense symbolic and industrial importance. Surging forward on June 22, 1941, Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leebs Army Group North anticipated a relatively easy campaign to secure Leningrad. In this mission, they were aided by Finnish forces, under Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, which crossed the border with the goal of recovering territory recently lost in the Winter War. Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb. Â  Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-L08126 / CC-BY-SA 3.0 The Germans Approach Anticipating a German thrust towards Leningrad, Soviet leaders began fortifying the region around the city days after the invasion commenced. Creating the Leningrad Fortified Region, they built lines of defenses, anti-tank ditches, and barricades. Rolling through the Baltic states, 4th Panzer Group, followed by 18th Army, captured Ostrov and Pskov on July 10. Driving on, they soon took Narva and began planning for a thrust against Leningrad. Resuming the advance, Army Group North reached the Neva River on August 30 and severed the last railway into Leningrad (Map). Finnish Operations In support of the German operations, Finnish troops attacked down the Karelian Isthmus toward Leningrad, as well as advanced around the east side of Lake Ladoga. Directed by Mannerheim, they halted at the pre-Winter War border and dug in. To the east, Finnish forces halted at a line along the Svir River between Lakes Ladoga and Onega in East Karelia. Despite German pleas to renew their attacks, the Finns remained in these positions for the next three years and largely played a passive role in the Siege of Leningrad. Cutting Off the City On September 8, the Germans succeeding in cutting land access to Leningrad by capturing Shlisselburg. With the loss of this town, all supplies for Leningrad had to be transported across Lake Ladoga. Seeking to fully isolate the city, von Leeb drove east and captured Tikhvin on November 8. Halted by the Soviets, he was not able to link up with the Finns along the Svir River. A month later, Soviet counterattacks compelled von Leeb to abandon Tikhvin and retreat behind the River Volkhov. Unable to take Leningrad by assault, German forces elected to conduct a siege. The Population Suffers Enduring frequent bombardment, the population of Leningrad soon began to suffer as food and fuel supplies dwindled. With the onset of winter, supplies for the city crossed the frozen surface of Lake Ladoga on the Road of Life but these proved insufficient to prevent widespread starvation. Through the winter of 1941-1942, hundreds died daily and some in Leningrad resorted to cannibalism. In an effort to alleviate the situation, attempts were made to evacuate civilians. While this did help, the trip across the lake proved extremely hazardous and saw many lose their lives en route. Trying to Relieve the City In January 1942, von Leeb departed as commander of Army Group North and was replaced by Field Marshal Georg von KÃ ¼chler. Shortly after taking command, he defeated an offensive by the Soviet 2nd Shock Army near Lyuban. Beginning in April 1942, von KÃ ¼chler was opposed by Marshal Leonid Govorov who oversaw the Leningrad Front. Seeking to end the stalemate, he began planning Operation Nordlicht, utilizing troops recently made available after the capture of Sevastopol. Unaware of the German build-up, Govorov and Volkhov Front commander Marshal Kirill Meretskov commenced the Sinyavino Offensive in August 1942. Marshal Leonid Govorov. Public Domain Though the Soviets initially made gains, they were halted as von KÃ ¼chler shifted troops intended for Nordlicht into the fight. Counterattacking in late September, the Germans succeeded in cutting off and destroying parts of the 8th Army and 2nd Shock Army. The fighting also saw the debut of the new Tiger tank. As the city continued to suffer, the two Soviet commanders planned Operation Iskra. Launched on January 12, 1943, it continued through the end of the month and saw the 67th Army and 2nd Shock Army open a narrow land corridor to Leningrad along the south shore of Lake Ladoga. Relief at Last Though a tenuous connection, a railroad was quickly built through the area to aid in supplying the city. Through the remainder of 1943, the Soviets conducted minor operations in an effort to improve access to the city. In an effort to end the siege and fully relieve the city, the Leningrad-Novgorod Strategic Offensive was launched on January 14, 1944. Operating in conjunction with the First and Second Baltic Fronts, the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts overwhelmed the Germans and drove them back. Advancing, the Soviets recaptured the Moscow-Leningrad Railroad on January 26. On January 27, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin declared an official end to the siege. The citys safety was fully secured that summer, when an offensive began against the Finns. Dubbed the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive, the attack pushed the Finns back towards the border before stalling. Aftermath Lasting 827 days, the Siege of Leningrad was one of the longest in history. It also proved one of the costliest, with Soviet forces incurring around 1,017,881 killed, captured, or missing as well as 2,418,185 wounded. Civilian deaths are estimated at between 670,000 and 1.5 million. Ravaged by the siege, Leningrad had a pre-war population in excess of 3 million. By January 1944, only around 700,000 remained in the city. For its heroism during World War II, Stalin designed Leningrad a Hero City on May 1, 1945. This was reaffirmed in 1965 and the city was given the Order of Lenin.

News article that is relevant to one of our human resource management

News that is relevant to one of our human resource management topics - Article Example Likewise, it was also stressed that through the provision of needed education and information on maintaining health and safety to employers; in conjunction with routine visits to ensure that organizations adhere to the proposed standards and regulations, the overall state of safety has significantly improved. However, Morrison (2014) also asserted that budgetary cuts allegedly threaten the continued exemplary performance of OSHA. As noted from the recent disagreements in funding which resulted in temporary federal government shutdown in October 2013, OSHA’s operations were significantly affected in terms of the inability to conduct scheduled routine visits. It was revealed that â€Å"the alliances and partnerships the agency maintains require travel, and travel dollars may not be available under budget reductions† (Morrison, 2014, p. 2). In addition, another noted facet which is projected to be affected by the budget cuts is the training to consultants and compliance officers to maintain the level of professionalism and updated knowledge on adherence to health and safety in the work setting. Overall, the decline in trend for reported injuries, illnesses, and fatalities was emphasized to be a collaborative effort between OSHA and the employers, to ensure that both are committed in ensuring that the work place remains completely safe. The subject is relevant as it expounds on the topic on maintaining a safe and healthy work environment. One acknowledges that it is the obligation and responsibility of employers to ensure that the work place is completely safe; so as to prevent injuries, fatalities, and illnesses. As such, through the creation of standards, as disseminated by the OSHA, the article proved that the agency had been instrumental in improving the overall state of safety in the long run. One strongly believes that safety and security is one of the most important needs of employees that should be met to sustain motivation in the workplace. A safe and

A comparative analysis of the technological conception of making smart Essay

A comparative analysis of the technological conception of making smart cities using Information and Communications Technologies in two cities; Dubuque, Iowa and Songdo IBD, South Korea - Essay Example Y. McDonald firm in the manufacturing of equipment called Unmeasured Flow Reducer (UFR). This device supplements the ordinary water meter through measuring accurately, low flow usage. The new meter system helps residents in identifying water wastages and hence adopting corrective conservation measures. The smart water meter takes water measurements after every 15 minutes in each household, and then sends information to the IBM cloud; cloud computing involves internet computing where resources, software or information is given to computer devices on demand (Deakin, 2007). Cloud computing enables the most rapid decision making, in the water conservation measures; in the cloud the water data will be studied to check problems in the water system like leaks. Songdo IBD, South Korea is a modern environment which uses technology to continuously innovate so as to improve the lives of residents and visitors. There is a centralized waste management system which has capabilities of disposing wet and dry waste, hence completely eliminates waste collection vehicles and associated environmental hazards. The city also has the mechanisms of reclaiming treated grey water and storm water; for reuse in irrigation projects involving general and green roof farms. Vegetated green roofs minimize heat island effect that affects other coastal cities. Water efficiency is an important factor in Songdo’s development projects. Green spaces around the city employ indigenous plants which require no irrigation or minimal irrigation. Grey water from buildings must be collected, subjected to treatment process, and thereafter reused for activities like irrigation, cleaning and flushing. Low flow plumbing equipments are standard in the smart city. A water technology system will be installed to ensure that storm water is treated and reused, and black water is reprocessed and treated (Coe et al.,

Mission, Vision, Social Responsibility, Strategic Planning Essay

Mission, Vision, Social Responsibility, Strategic Planning - Essay Example The vision of Trader Joe’s is not provided in its website, but based on its timeline of important company events and other company information, it is perceived as supporting a sustainable future, where communities benefit from a company that promotes originality, individual choice, and cultural diversity. For instance, according to Trader Joe’s history timeline, in 1977, it introduced the first reusable canvas bag for shopping needs (Trader Joe’s, n.d.). This shows its dedication to preserving the environment through the principle of reuse. In addition, Trader Joe’s describes how it seeks to find and to sell original and hard-to-find products. This goal is stated in the â€Å"About Trader Joe’s† webpage of its company website. Trader Joe’s is focused on originality, as a way of delivering high value to its customers. As for Whole Foods, its vision is clearly stated in its company website: â€Å"Our vision of a sustainable future means our children and grandchildren will be living in a world that values human creativity, diversity, and individual choice† (Whole Foods, n.d.). The visions of these firms are similar because they want to provide a better future for the coming generations, by thinking about how their actions impact the latter. They want to support sustainable development principles and practices. Whole Foods depicts in its â€Å"Our Mission and Culture† webpage that it supports organic farming and alternative sources of energy. It also recycles and composts waste, while participating in community activities through food banks, sponsoring community events, and donating at least 5% of its net profit to non-profit organizations (Whole Foods, n.d.). Trader Joe’s also manages its effects on the environment by not sourcing GMO materials for its private label products, based on its customer updates from the company website. The vision statements of these two firms are comparable because t hey base their business proposition on the framework of sustainable development. Moreover, the two firms share the same values, except that Trader Joe’s is more pronounced on being an original retailer. They both believe in and support creativity, diversity, and individual choice. They aspire for creative ways in using diversity, as their leverage against conventional food retailers. Despite a little difference, it is clear that Trader Joe’s and Whole Foods are heading toward the same direction because they see themselves as forming a better impact on their stakeholders, as they think about the future and the quality of lives in that future, unlike other companies that focus on the bottom line alone. After discussing the vision, the missions of these two firms will be described. The mission of Trader Joe's is not identified in its company website, although one source provides it: To give our customers the best food and beverage values that they can find anywhere and to provide them with the information required to make informed buying decisions. We provide these with a dedication to the highest quality of customer satisfaction delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, fun, individual pride, and company spirit (Thompson Jr., Peteraf, III Strickland, & Gamble, 2011, p. 20). As for Whole Foods, its mission is: â€Å"Our whole business is about making a difference – in the lives of our Team Members and the customers we serve,

Credit Crunch and Shareholders' Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Credit Crunch and Shareholders' Value - Essay Example Banks start charging high interest rates for lending that becomes restrictive and selective. This impacts money (credit) market as mortgages becomes expensive. Stock markets start fluctuating wildly. Savings get reduced affecting pensioners a great deal. Use of credit cards becomes costlier. Foreclosures of mortgages and repossession of mortgaged properties become frequent feature of credit market, and worst the rate of bankruptcy rises. Credit crunch does not necessarily mean a period of recession. It is in fact a voluntary extension or interruption of monetary policy pursued by the federal bank. The success of any monetary policy depends upon attitude of lending institutions. 'Even if Fed increases the level of bank funds during a weak economy, banks may be unwilling to extend credit to some potential borrowers, and the result is credit crunch.'(Jeff Madura, page 93)1. The government some times introduces a sort of restrictive monetary policy that accentuates credit crunch. Jeff Madura (page 93) while explaining the effects of restrictive monetary policy states that 'as the money supply is reduced, and interest rates rise, some potential borrowers may be unable to obtain loans because interest payments would be too high. Thus the effects of restrictive monetary policy are magnified because higher interest rates not only discourage some potential borrowers but also prevent others from obtaining loans. Overall the c redit crunch may partially offset the desired effects of a simulative monetary policy and magnify the restrictive monetary policy.' The prime objective of every company these days is to create and enhance the shareholders' value. Let us first understand the meaning of the term 'shareholders' value' before analyzing the effects of credit crunch on shareholders' value. Shareholder makes investment in order to earn good dividends and capital gains when shareholder happens to sell the investment. In other words a shareholder is concerned about cash flows he receive from the investment and also about the appreciation of the value of investment that will result in after tax future cash flows. Ultimately the value of an investment is related to cash flows from such investment. Cash flows are connected directly to profitability of the firm and thus cash payout can be increased by increasing profitability. 'Since investors value cash payouts, managers increase shareholders value when they increase the present value of the firm's net cash flows, primarily by finding new ways to either increase revenues or reduce costs. Generating more cash or receiving it earlier increases shareholders value. Manipulating the timings of sales or expenses to increase reported earnings, however, will actually decrease shareholders value if it reduces the cash that can ultimately be paid out to shareholders.'(James A. Brickley, Clifford W. Smith, and Jerold L., page 23)2 It can be said that profitability that generates more cash flows in fact add to shareholders value, and vice versa. The focus is on cash payouts or cash flows on investments of shareholders. Also it is clear that profitability or growth of the company, that is ultimately important to generate cash flows, is the vital factor that affects the shareholders' value. Growth of a company is directly related to general upward economic

Explain what is meant by effective managerial Essay

Explain what is meant by effective managerial - Essay Example It is very important for people working in a particular organization to communicate with one another in order to remain informed and updated regarding current changes taking place within the organization. An individual cannot solve all the issues he/she faces on their own and requires help of others to solve these issues; and in order to attain help they need to communicate with others about their concerns (Alvare, 2005, p.129). This communication will provide help for an individual as others will try to solve the issue with him/her. 1.2. Managerial Communication Managerial communication is regarded to be an element which assists managers with communication with individuals working in the same hierarchical positions, with individuals who are at the top level of the hierarchy and with individuals who occupy the lower levels of the hierarchy. Managerial communication is important for managers as it assists them with performing their main role of getting things done by others. Manageria l communication is said to be effective in nature when a manager is able to successfully get things done by others. Effective communication takes place when the message sent by the manager is clearly understood by the receivers of the message (Clampitt, 2010, p.260). A manager identifies that communication has taken place in an effective manner when the desired result of the message has been achieved or the feedback provided by the receiver is similar to the feedback expected by the manager. 2. Body 2.1. Importance of Effective Managerial Communication Managerial communication that is effective in nature is significant in order to exchange opinions and ideas between different employees as well as between the manager and its subordinates. Managers need to promote discussions that are healthy in nature within the organization in order to obtain effective and efficient results. Effective managerial communication helps managers with obtaining ideas from subordinates, and then these idea s are implemented as solutions into issues experienced by the organization. Effective managerial communication is essential in order to attain aims and objectives of the organizations in an effective and efficient manner. With the use of effective managerial communication, managers can help their subordinates understand the tasks they need to perform and to inform subordinates about the organization’s expectations. Effective managerial communication leads to decrease in duplication of work. When managers of different departments communicate with each other, they tend to share information regarding projects they are working on and due to this one manager will remain informed what others are working on and will work on some other aspect or objective of the organization. Effective managerial communication helps managers with motivating employees in order to attain the objective of getting work done by them. Managers who are empathetic towards their employees ensure that they are well aware of the issues experienced by the employees and these grievances can only be known if managers participate in communication in an effective manner (Dasgupta, 2013, p.180). Once the managers are aware of employee grievances, they can help them solve these grievances in order to motivate them to work hard. Effective managerial communication even assists with solving disputes among employees and among those individuals who are at the top level of management and the employees who are at the lower level of the

Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries Essay

Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries - Essay Example The current global climate relies heavily on the existence of Foreign Direct Investment as a determining factor in the economic growth of any region. However, questions remain as to why there are certain pockets of countries where FDI seems to be flourishing, while others are vying for attention in this regard. There are many statistics that point to this (Vaknin, 2007, np). For example, only one third of the developing and poor nations get any forms of FDIs, and these are perhaps the neediest ones. Also, the contribution of the FDIs in the global economy is not even five percent. Then why is it considered as the next wave of development and a ray of light for poor nations' development FDIs have been strongly criticized for seizing the local talent of a country, preventing local growth, and thereby further reducing the economic development. Alongside, the other political, social and legal ramifications are amongst others in the list of problems associated with FDI (Vaknin, 2007, np). These and other such arguments have been raised in the past at the time when FDIs were being introduced for the first time across the world, and many critics still believe that such actions are leading to overall negative impacts in the long run on the poor countries. Foreign Direct Investment is defined as "investment in domestic structures, equipment and organization by foreign private sector or government. FDI does not include foreign portfolio investment in a domestic economy. The latter refers to investment in equity of domestic companies by foreign economic agents" (Kumo, 2009, np).On the other hand, there are many examples showing FDI as a potential source of success in the economy of a developing country. India for example, has become one of the world's favorite in gaining FDIs (Bhaumik et al, 2003, pp 2 and 3). The IT sector is one of the most prominent examples, which have jumpstarted India's GDP to one of the largest in the developing world. These and many such shining examples are now showing that FDIs can play a very important contributory role in improving the economic prosperity of poor nations. The initial skepticism is now giving way to acceptance and even appreciation of FDIs as research results show improved economic outcomes w ith the introduction of multinational companies and foreign investments over loans.Education is another recently discovered successful area where FDIs are taking place in India. Although critics pose questions about the cons of the education FDI in terms of personal gains instead of the gains for the country, so far, these investments are providing countries with a rope to hang on to, where others are sinking (Bhaumik et al, 2003, pp 4). The number of researches conducted on the beneficial effects of FDIs outnumber those that critic them. FDIs have been so far found to directly improve the financial and educational sectors of a country (Alfaro et al, 2007, pp 7). These countries are termed as the host countries. Researches show that those countries with good links between the final and intermediary industry sectors as well as good human capital are likely to get more FDIs (Alfaro et al, 20

Explain what is meant by effective managerial Essay

Explain what is meant by effective managerial - Essay Example It is very important for people working in a particular organization to communicate with one another in order to remain informed and updated regarding current changes taking place within the organization. An individual cannot solve all the issues he/she faces on their own and requires help of others to solve these issues; and in order to attain help they need to communicate with others about their concerns (Alvare, 2005, p.129). This communication will provide help for an individual as others will try to solve the issue with him/her. 1.2. Managerial Communication Managerial communication is regarded to be an element which assists managers with communication with individuals working in the same hierarchical positions, with individuals who are at the top level of the hierarchy and with individuals who occupy the lower levels of the hierarchy. Managerial communication is important for managers as it assists them with performing their main role of getting things done by others. Manageria l communication is said to be effective in nature when a manager is able to successfully get things done by others. Effective communication takes place when the message sent by the manager is clearly understood by the receivers of the message (Clampitt, 2010, p.260). A manager identifies that communication has taken place in an effective manner when the desired result of the message has been achieved or the feedback provided by the receiver is similar to the feedback expected by the manager. 2. Body 2.1. Importance of Effective Managerial Communication Managerial communication that is effective in nature is significant in order to exchange opinions and ideas between different employees as well as between the manager and its subordinates. Managers need to promote discussions that are healthy in nature within the organization in order to obtain effective and efficient results. Effective managerial communication helps managers with obtaining ideas from subordinates, and then these idea s are implemented as solutions into issues experienced by the organization. Effective managerial communication is essential in order to attain aims and objectives of the organizations in an effective and efficient manner. With the use of effective managerial communication, managers can help their subordinates understand the tasks they need to perform and to inform subordinates about the organization’s expectations. Effective managerial communication leads to decrease in duplication of work. When managers of different departments communicate with each other, they tend to share information regarding projects they are working on and due to this one manager will remain informed what others are working on and will work on some other aspect or objective of the organization. Effective managerial communication helps managers with motivating employees in order to attain the objective of getting work done by them. Managers who are empathetic towards their employees ensure that they are well aware of the issues experienced by the employees and these grievances can only be known if managers participate in communication in an effective manner (Dasgupta, 2013, p.180). Once the managers are aware of employee grievances, they can help them solve these grievances in order to motivate them to work hard. Effective managerial communication even assists with solving disputes among employees and among those individuals who are at the top level of management and the employees who are at the lower level of the

The Reward strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Reward strategy - Essay Example The case study "The Reward strategy" discusses the development of a talented pool of personnel and the retention of those personnel is now becoming one of the primary focuses of the HR department in any sound business. Classic Travel need to put systems into place that attract, retain, and develop talent. The case study highlights that these systems also have the double-duty of keeping the job itself interesting and exciting for the staff. Programs such as those that rotate employees between different kinds of units within the organisation, that encourage directed learning as well as promoting interagency communication across the entire company are becoming an integral part to any business unit. Furthermore, the HR department must develop a system of recognition and reward for the staff in regards to their contributions to the agency. Furthermore, on a practical level Classic Travel, nor any company, can give out reward without some return on that investment. They would need to examine the overall cost of the reward system as compared to the overall benefits not only to the employee but to the company as well. Being a travel agency which provides exclusive city breaks and short holidays to all major European countries. The case study emphasizes that Classic Travel may be able to combine work and reward in one package. For instance a yearly training session could be held in Morocco, or some other vacation site where a three day training could also provide some much needed fun and even team building experiences. The company could pay travel training expenses and even base accommodations on a reward basis. Those staff with more customers or bigger increases in their overall business may get a private suite, and so on.

Chef Satisfaction Essay Example for Free

Chef Satisfaction Essay The findings showed that employees’ job satisfaction directly and positively influences organizational commitment, but does not directly influence job performance. Employees’ job satisfaction enhances job performance only through organizational commitment. Internal marketing, empowerment and leadership also positively influence job satisfaction. Empowerment and leadership enhance employees’ organizational commitment. Internal job stress negatively influences employees’ job satisfaction and external job stress enhances employees’ job performance. According to the findings, this paper realized the main factors which influence hospitality industry employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance, which can function as criteria for human resource management in the hospitality industry. Key words: Hospitality industry, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job performance.   With the change of the industrial structure in recent years, the output value of the service industry has become more than 70% of the GDP in most advanced countries (CIA, 2009). Thus, the service industry plays a significant role in national economic development. In 2008, as the world encountered a financial tsunami, the governments of different countries selected potential service industries and supported them with resources, in order to energize economic development. The hospitality industry is a typical service industry, and it is critical service industry around the world. In Taiwan, the scale of the hospitality industry has been increasing year by year. According to the Statistics Department, Ministry of Economic Affairs, in 2001 the business volume of the hospitality industry in Taiwan was NTD 261. 3 billion. In 2006 it passed NTD 300 billion and in 2009 it reached NTD 321. 7 billion. However, the hospitality industry refers to labor services and relies on manpower in areas such as production, delivery and restaurant service. Thus, the hospitality industry is mainly based on services. As mentioned in Bitner’s (1995) framework of the service marketing triangle, service providers play a critical role in the service industries. In service industry management, regarding the importance of employees, Heskett et al. (1994) proposed the framework of service profit chain. In the service profit chain, there are critical linkages among internal service *Corresponding author. E-mail: [emailprotected] tcmt. edu. tw. Tel: +886-2-28102292 ext. 5009. Fax: +886-2-2810-6688. Tsai et al. 4119 quality, employee satisfaction/productivity, the value of services provided to the customer, customer satisfaction and company’s profits. This chain shows that internal service quality can enhance employee satisfaction, which will enhance employee productivity and further result in external service value and enhanced customer satisfaction. Finally, the company can make a profit (Zeithaml et al. , 2009). Therefore, satisfied employees make satisfied customers. Service personnel satisfaction significantly influences organizational commitment and job performance on customer satisfaction and corporate operational performance (Ladkin, 2002; Dunlap et al. , 1988; Tansuhaj et al. , 1988; Chowdhary, 2003; Yang and Chen, 2010). How to enhance service personnel satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance is a critical issue in service industry management. In past research on employee satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance, many scholars (Babin and Boles, 1998; Bernhardt et al. 2000; Van Scotter, 2000; Koys, 2003; Testa, 2001) have validated that employees’ job satisfaction positively influences job performance and organizational commitment. In studies on factors of employees’ job satisfaction, job performance and organizational commitment, the service profit chain proposed by Heskett et al. (1994) and service marketing management model indica ted by Tansuhaj et al. (1988) on overall service industry both demonstrated that managements internal marketing activities produce job satisfaction and commitment to the organization. In addition, many studies have found close relationships between leadership, employee satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance (Billingsley and Cross, 1992; Yammarino and Dubinsky, 1994; Burton et al. , 2002; Avolio et al. , 2004; Chen and Silverthorne, 2005). The above studies have mainly focused on the educational service industry, retail industry, manufacturing service industry, medical service industry and governmental institutions, but have not conducted indepth explorations on the hospitality service industry. Hopfl (1994) indicated that in the service delivery, firstline employees must be empowered to some degree in order to cope with customers’ special demands. Thus, job empowerment can be treated as important management to encourage first-line service personnel and immediately solve customers’ differential demands. Avolio et al. (2004), Caykoylu et al. (2007) and Chen et al. (2008) respectively conducted empirical studies on medical personnel and employees of the telecommunication industry, banking industry and postal industry, and found that empowerment positively influences employee satisfaction and organizational commitment. One issue worthy of further study is the extent of how empowerment positively influences hospitality industry employee satisfaction and organizational commitment. In addition, first-line employees face different customer demands and supervisor requirements, therefore job stress is a critical issue for them. Jamal (1990) and Jex (1998) suggested that reducing employees’ job stress could enhance employees’ job satisfaction and job performance. Williams and Cooper (2002) and Ouyang (2009) indicated that proper job stress would enhance employees’ job performance. In the hospitality industry, the influence of job stress from external customers and internal supervisors on employees’ job satisfaction and job performance is an issue worthy of further exploration. Based on the above, internal marketing, leadership, empowerment and job stress are possible factors of service industry employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance, and these factors are validated in various service industries. However, the outcomes in different service industries are not the same. For the hospitality industry, it is important to validate and analyze the influences of the above factors on employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. Thus, this study intended to combine internal marketing, leadership, empowerment and job stress and proposed an integrated model of hospitality industry employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. Hospitality industry employees in Taipei City were treated as the subjects, and the researcher probed into factors of hospitality industry employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance in order to function as criteria for management in the hospitality industry. LITERATURE REVIEW Job satisfaction The term â€Å"job satisfaction† was proposed by Hoppock (1935) who suggested that job satisfaction means employees’ emotions and attitude toward their jobs, and is their subjective reaction toward their jobs. The definition of job satisfaction is generalized into three categories: (1) Definition of generality: Job satisfaction refers to the affective reaction to one’s job as the most (Ozer and Gunluk, 2010). Job satisfaction, which is one of the most important necessities for an individual to be successful, happy and productive, is a feeling of satisfaction, that is, an outcome of the perception of what the job provides for an individual (Ay and Av aro lu, 2010); (2) Definition of difference: This refers to the degree of satisfaction and the difference between ndividual actual returns and required returns. For instance, Porter and Lawler (1968) suggested that the degree of satisfaction depends on the difference between a person’s actual returns and expected returns; (3) Definition of criterion framework: Peoples subjective perception and interpretation on objective traits of organizations or jobs would be influenced by individual criterion framework. According to Smith et al. (1969), job satisfaction is the outcome after a person interprets the job traits according 4120 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. o the criterion framework. The influence of certain work situations on job satisfaction is related to many factors, such as comparisons between good and bad jobs, comparisons with others, personal competency and past experience, etc. Job performance Kane and Lawler (1976) suggested that job performance refers to the record of the results when employees have practiced a job for a certain period of time. According to Schermerhorn (1989), job performance refers to the quality and quantity accomplished by individuals or groups after fulfilling a task. After a certain period of time, measurements of employees’ job performance could serve as criterion for promotions, wage adjustments, rewards, punishments and evaluations. Cascio (2006) suggested that managers must specifically define performance to allow the teams or employees to recognize the organizational expectations in order to fulfill the organizational goals. In other words, managers must set concrete goals, trace the fulfillment degree and evaluate the teams’ or employees’ performance. Van Scotter and Motowidlo (1996) suggested that employees with a high degree of job enthusiasm will demonstrate extra effort and devotion, and will actively seek out solutions to problems at work in order to enhance their job performance. Robbins (1998) divided the measurement of job performance into job result, job behavior and personal traits. Lee et al. (1999) divided job performance into efficiency, efficacy and quality. Efficiency refers to the employees’ output rate and is the ability to accomplish tasks before deadline. Efficacy refers to the employees’ goal accomplishment rate and proposals. Quality refers to the employees’ error rate and complaint rate, supervisor satisfaction, customer satisfaction and colleague satisfaction. This study suggested that in the application of this construct to measure hospitality industry employees’ job performance, efficiency should refer to the employees’ speed in customer service, efficacy should mean the accomplishment of tasks assigned by customers, and quality should mean the employees’ performance in customer service. As to measurement, Shore and Thornton (1986) indicated that self-evaluation allows individuals to participate in performance evaluation and serves as a criterion. Based on the above, according to the views of Lee et al. (1999), this study divided job performance into efficiency, efficacy and quality, and measured hospitality industry employees’ job performance using employee self-evaluation. Smith et al. (1969) proposed the Job Description Index (JDI) to measure job satisfaction, with the constructs including wage, promotion, job, supervisors and colleagues. Black and Gregersen (1997) found a positive correlation between job satisfaction and job performance. Organ (1990) suggested that when employees are satisfied with their work, they are willing to sacrifice themselves and devote to their organization. Organizational commitment From the perspective of attitude, Porter et al. (1974) indicated that organizational commitment is a person’s active and positive intention to identify with and internalize organizational goals and value. According to Reyes and Pounder (1990), organizational commitment is the strong belief and intention to identify with organizational value, devote to and stay with the organization. Mathews and Shepherd (2002) suggested that organizational commitment refers to workers’ attitude, behavior and connection between individuals and the organization. Guest (1995) indicated that organizational commitment is at the core of human resource management. It transforms traditional manpower management into the core of human resources. Organizational members’ attitude or intentions particularly indicate the importance of employees’ organizational commitment. Dee et al. (2006) suggested that organizational commitment is a person’s intention to devote to and be loyal to the organization. Lambert et al. (2006) suggested that organizational commitment is the structural phenomenon of trading between individuals and organizations. It increases with time, but it does not lead to a transferable investment outcome. Thus, in theoretical study and practical use, scholars have valued organizational commitment in human resource management. In recent years, many scholars have probed into organizational commitment from the view of Porter et al. (1974). Thus, this study also followed the above view and divided organizational commitment into value commitment, effort commitment and retention commitment. This study further treated these three constructs as criteria to measure hospitality industry employees organizational commitment. Definitions of these constructs are thus shown: (1) Value commitment: a strong belief and identification with organizational goals and values. 2) Effort commitment: the intention to devote more to the organization. (3) Retention commitment: a strong intention to continue being part of the organization. Internal marketing Internal Marketing (IM) is the process of handling staff as internal customers and projects as internal products that satisfy the needs and desires of the customers and adhere to the company’s goals (Berry and Parasuraman, 1991). Rafiq and Ahmed (1993) suggest that internal marketing involves â€Å"a planned effort to overcome organizational resistance to change and to align, motivate Tsai et al. 4121 nd integrate employees towards the effective implementation of corporate and functional strategies†. Joseph (1996) suggested that internal marketing is can be applied to marketing and human resource management, combining theoretical techniques and principles in order to encourage, recruit and manage all employees in the organization and constantly improve external customer service and mutual services. In addition, Ahmed et al. (2003) defined internal marketing as the emp loyees’ evaluation of the reward system, internal communication, training and development of the company. Internal marketing empirical research in the service sector has proven that internal marketing has influenced on internal customers (that is, employees) satisfactions. Berry and Parasuraman (1991) suggested that the advantages of internal marketing implementation in organizations are as follows: (1) To acquire and keep excellent talent; (2) to provide a common vision so that employees have job purpose and meaning; (3) to give employees the ability and knowledge to accomplish the work; (4) to encourage employees to share the results of teamwork; (5) to create job designs be based on the findings of marketing studies. The aforementioned views reveal that corporate implementation of internal marketing allows employees to enhance service quality, which increases the production and profits of the companies. The implementation of internal marketing in the organizations results in an internal service culture, raises service consciousness and increases profits (Parasuraman et al. , 1985). Based on the views of these scholars, internal marketing is critical for organizations and influences external marketing to further enhance customer satisfaction. According to the these definitions and based on the views of Rafiq and Ahmed (1993) and Ahmed et al. (2003), this study treated employee evaluations of reward systems, internal communication, and training and development of companies as criterion for measuring internal marketing of the hospitality industry. Leadership Leadership refers the process of influencing the team to accomplish the goals (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). Leaders are key success factors of an organization (Bass, 1985; Daft, 2002). Skillful leaders recognize and use the interpersonal relationships of the team and strengthen the members’ loyalty and morale. Effective leaders must learn skills such as patiently sharing information, trusting others and recognizing the timing of interventions (Steckler and Fondas, 1995). In recent years, numerous scholars have tried to discuss leadership from new perspectives. New studies of leadership theory have particularly stressed the influences of demands between leaders and subordinates, the interaction of personality traits and situational factors on leadership (Bargal and Schmid, 1989). Corporate leaders must select a proper leadership according to their subordinates’ different demands for supervision, in order to enhance employee satisfaction and fulfill expected goals. Bass and Avolio (1997) divided leadership into transformational leadership and transactional leadership. In transformational leadership, subordinates trust, respect and are loyal to their leaders. Leaders can develop their subordinates’ potential and enhance their confidence by changing their values and beliefs in order to increase their organizational commitment, intention and motivation to create exceptional outcomes. Transformational leadership can be divided into ideal traits, ideal behavior, the encouragement of inspiration, and the stimulation of wisdom and individual care. In addition, transactional leadership means leaders and members remain in the process of negotiation and mutual benefit instead of a persistent one-purpose relationship. Social exchange theory is treated as the theoretical base. When subordinates act according to their leaders’ expectations, they will have returns with a specific value. Transactional leadership can be divided into contingent rewards, and active and passive exceptional management. Most quantitative studies on leadership have created questionnaires using the MLQ scale designed by Bass and Avolio (1997). The MLQ scale includes two constructs (transformational leadership and transactional leadership). This study also designed a leadership questionnaire for the hospitality industry according to the MLQ scale. Empowerment Empowerment signals a transition away from traditional development that confined people’s role to that of passive recipients, effectively rendering them dependent on handouts in the form of foreign aid (O’Gorman, 1995). Bowen and Lawler III (1992) define empowerment as sharing with frontline employees four organizational ingredients: (1) Information about the organizations performance; (2) rewards based on the organizations performance; (3) knowledge about contributing to organizational performance; (4) power to make decisions that influence organizational direction and performance. Murat and Thomas (2003) suggested that empowerment does not simply refer to telling employees that they are empowered, but aims to allow the employees to recognize what power has been authorized. Boudrias et al. (2004) suggested that in managerial circles, empowerment application includes two types: (1) Empowering the responsibility of decision-making to subordinates while emphasizing rich work environments 4122 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. and diverse authority, information, resources and support, and providing the opportunity to learn in order to improve performance; (2) psychological empowerment, which refers to employees’ experiences of empowerment that are inferred as a mediating variable of empowerment and expected results. According to Sherman (1996), empowerment acknowledges that employees have the power to change in order to encourage employees to increase their competency. Kanter (1993) suggested that empowerment can keep employees from feeling helpless. Organizations could thus reduce negative effects such as low morale. The most significant effect of empowerment is to enhance employees’ abilities and self-efficacy (Conger and Kanungo, 1988). Bowen and Lawler III (1992) suggested the advantages of empowerment for organizations below: (1) To rapidly respond to customer demands and questions; (2) a high degree of employees’ job satisfaction; (3) positive interactions with consumers; (4) employees with creative thoughts; (5) the creation of loyal customers. About the definition of psychological empowerment, Spreitzer (1995) defines this concept as the psychological state that employees must experience for managerial empowerment interventions to be successful.

Analysis Of Brave New World English Literature Essay

Analysis Of Brave New World English Literature Essay Imagine a futuristic society where natural birth is obsolete and children are decanted from test tubes. A society based on a prejudiced and strict caste system: where Alphas rule and Epsilons are purposely given alcohol during their gestation period to inhibit their growth and intelligence. Where sexual promiscuity is accepted and encouraged, while those who practice monogamy and have deeps feelings for only one individual are ostracized. As Lenina aptly summarizes, everybody belongs to every one else and no one belongs to themselves (Huxley, 121). This horrifying dystopia is the setting of Aldous Huxleys new age novel, Brave New World, where the main protagonists, Bernard Marx and John the Savage, defy social norm for a chance of freedom. Published in 1932, Huxleys novel satirizes issues not only present in the 30s but in todays modern society as well. Inequality among people and technologys hold on the masses are brought to light within the novel. However comical some sections seem to be at first, Huxleys original purpose was to draw light in how easy governments could control their the masses through psychological means while the public themselves are left ignorant or fully accept it just as in Brave New World. Although the people of this controlled society seem genuinely content with their lives, its due more to their ignorance and their soma than true happiness. Throughout the novel, Brave New World, the unifying idea that truth and happiness cannot coexists is prevalent; in order to achieve one, the other must be sacrificed. SCHOLARLY ARTICLE A critical look into the eyes of a critic can give in-depth analysis on a topic for which a reader might overlook. An article in Aldous Huxleys web site gives a very comprehensive investigation on Brave New World that breaks down and guesstimates the purpose of soma and its functionality. As the critic states, Huxley was writing a satirical piece of fiction, not scientific prophecy. Soma, viewed from scientific reality could be possible, but mostly have dangerous side effects and most unlikely to be approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). It is something akin to drugs or alcohol, without the unfavorable side-effects. However, according to the article, taken in excess, soma acts as a respiratory depressant making more of an opiate than a sort of clinically valuable mood-brightener. It is what separates false happiness from the harsh realities the infantile people of Huxleys dystopia are not accustomed to. The basis of the government depicted in Brave New World is centered around control and manipulation, making soma a very useful tool in silencing rebellious thoughts by placating the minds of the public. On the other hand, those who do not find happiness are exiled into secluded islands where they cannot disrupt or infect the minds of others. This in itself gives proof that soma is not all effective to all populations, all the time. People like Bernard, though feels the instant gratification that soma brings, finds he cannot keep it as others could. The article gives a very insightful look into the mystery drug and debunks any misconception that could arise from lack of understanding within the novel. STYLE THEME The weapon of choice for the World Controllers is not nuclear bombs nor weaponry, but an artificial drug, soma. Instilling fear and intimidation could only go so far and may cause resentment and dangerous thoughts of rebellion in the oppressed. However, subconscious conditioning and mind-altering drugs could produce the same effects, without the dangerous thoughts. In addition to genetic engineering, the soma drug is perhaps the most powerful weapon the World Controllers have in their arsenal. With these two, any problems before Ford have been permanently eradicated from the minds of the everyday people. In the name of stability and happiness, as Mustapha Mond, one of Huxleys World Controllers states, the freedom of truth is sacrificed (Huxley, 225). Almost all of Huxleys characters, with the exception of the main protagonists Bernard and John, are content with having their soma, vicariously living through feelies, and living their mundane and ignorant lives never wanting more than what is given to them. Mond erroneously associates the lack of pain with genuine happiness. It seems only John the Savage understands that true joy is a result of knowing ones own self-worth and finding inner-satisfaction. John was filled with an intense, absorbing happiness after investing hard work into a clay sculpture he made with his own hands (Huxley, 134). He alone out of everyone else in civilized Britain could give testimony to feeling true happiness, and not the artificial one induced by the soma drug, because he is the only one who worked hard because he wanted to, and not because he was condit ioned to do so. POEM The concept of a futuristic dystopian society is popular through many works of prose. For example, Philena Pughs poem Fragments for the Gates of Times Square: the Fear of Neon, deals with a character who perceives himself to be the last of his kind. This mirrors Huxleys own character, John as well as drawing other parallels. Silence lies underneath the crackle and hum of the neon lights. The puddle near my feet glistens crimson reflecting the words Restaurant and Lounge. A tribute to our pick up/take out society. Above buildings crowd out the sky leaving a jailcell window  to see the stars through. My footsteps echo throughout the world and I realize that I am the last. My breathing grows labored- sending out a sharp, rasping sound to compete with the sputter-buzz conversation on the neon. My dim, twilight eyes srift shut and my final breath gurgles the dark phlegm of fear  in the back of my throat. With the hollow thump  of cranium meeting pavement, humanity is gone. And the neon lights burn brightly into eternity- crackling in time  to the winking stars. The narrator of Pughs poem and Huxleys John find themselves the last of their kind, with the narrator the last human, while John is the only one naturally conceived with civilized parents. They both find great tragedy in the world around them, feeling trapped and alone by what society becomes in their respective worlds. The two works of prose focuses on the struggle between man and the society he is a part of and their failure to adapt or to conform leads to their demise. Driven to madness by the horror of moral-less society around him, John cried out to God and covered his eyes with his hands (Huxley, 259), drawing parallelism, the narrator of the poem is met with the same fate with the hollow thump of cranium meeting pavement, humanity is gone(Pugh). The setting of both works is in a dystopia that puts an emphasis on the consumption of goods verses the freedom of nature. Juxtaposing Pughs society in which buildings crowd out the sky leaving a jailcell window to see the stars with t he buildings themselves are made as a tribute to [their] pick up/take out society, and Huxleys World-Controlled civilized society condition the masses to hate the country but at the same time, condition them to love country sports; one can see the similarities between the two dystopian societies. (Huxley, 23). These works built a society that ensures the consumption of goods and/or transportation and the technology that drives it.

Essay --

Wenig elektrisierend – Haben Elektroautos einfach nur ein Imageproblem, oder ist die Technik wirklich noch nicht reif? Die Bundesregierung hà ¤lt an ihrem Ziel fest. Bis 2020 sollen eine Million Elektroautos, lautlos auf deutschen Straßen umhersurren. Ist das machbar, oder sind der Regierung jetzt endgà ¼ltig die Sicherungen durchgebrannt? Abgesehen von technischen Rahmenbedingungen, werden hier nicht vielleicht einige wichtige à ¤ußere Faktoren vergessen? Vor 75 Jahren ist à ¼ber einem Feld in Lake Hurst, in der Nà ¤he von New Jersey, ein riesiges, 245 Meter langes Luftschiff lichterloh in Flammen aufgegangen ist. Die Rede ist von „LZ 129â€Å". Ein Zeppelin, der traurige Berà ¼hmtheit erlangen sollte. Die Hindenburg. Ein Spannungsfunke an der falschen Stelle genà ¼gte. 200.000 Kubikmeter Wasserstoff fingen sofort Feuer und rissen 36 Menschen mit in den Tod. Dieser eine Funke genà ¼gte auch, um die Bedeutung der Luftschifffahrt fà ¼r immer zu besiegeln. Der Unfall war damals „nurâ€Å" der fà ¼nfschwerste Zeppelin-Unfall, der sich ereignet hat. Aber er war der erste vollstà ¤ndig detailliert, dokumentierte in der Geschichte. Die Hindenburg-Katastrophe wurde gefilmt und live im Radio à ¼bertragen. Obwohl moderne Zeppeline die mit Helium fliegen, absolut sicher sind und sie praktischen Nutzen hà ¤tten, wird sich diese Technologie nie wieder richtig durchsetzen. Die Anzahl der aktuell zugelassenen Luftschiffe in Deutschland kann man, laut dem Lauffahrt-Bundesamt, an einer Hand abzà ¤hlen. Wortwà ¶rtlich! Es sind nà ¤mlich genau fà ¼nf. So sehr hat sich der Unfall in das Gedà ¤chtnis der Leute eingebrannt, dass viele Leute laut einer Umfrage, sogar mit Wasserstoff betankte Brennstoffzellen- Elektroautos fà ¼r sehr gefà ¤hrlich halten. Jetzt kà ¶nnte den Elektroautos ein à ¤hnlich... ...Elektroautos dann wirklich einhundertprozentig Co2-frei fahren kà ¶nnen, es wird an den echten „Freaksâ€Å" vorbeigehen. Fà ¼r uns werden sie nie so viel Spaß machen und so viel Freude auslà ¶sen, wie ein guter alter bollernder V8 Motor, ein kreischender V12, ein pfeifender Bi-Turbo-Sechszylinder, etc. Der Là ¤rm, die Vibration, die Emotionen, die Kraft; dagegen werden es Elektromotoren, die uns immer irgendwie an (X-beliebiges Haushaltsgerà ¤t bitte hier einsetzen) erinnern werden, SEHR schwer haben. Wenn Umweltschà ¼tzer, Politiker und Aktivisten aller Art sagen: „Es wird bald „coolâ€Å" und „hipâ€Å" sein ein Elektroauto zu fahrenâ€Å", dann kommt das immer so rà ¼ber wie damals als man noch jung und faul war und einem seine Mutter zu sich und seinem Bruder gessagt hat: „Kommt schon Kinder, haltet doch mal ein Rennen um zu sehen wer schneller sein Zimmer aufrà ¤umen kann! Das wird spaß machen!â€Å"

Project Report on Kmf, Dharwad by Samarth

2. INDUSTRY PROFILE 2. 1 INTRODUCTION DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA Dairy enterprise is an important occupation of farmer. In India nearly 70% of the people depend on agriculture. It is the backbone of India. Dairy is linked with agriculture industry to a large extent. Animal husbandry in India is an essential part of agriculture. It is mainly a rural occupation closely associated with agriculture. 2. 1. 1 DEVELOPMENT OF DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA During the Pre-independence year there was no serious stress given to dairy industry.In 1886 the Department of Defense of the British Government established the dairy farms for the supply of milk to the British troops in Allahabad. Later, in 1920 serious steps were taken by Mr. William Smith, an expert in dairy forming to improve the milk production There was discrimination done to the Indians hence this led to the rise of the first milk union in India. In Lucknow in 1937 called the Lucknow milk producer’s Co-operative union Ltd. In 1946 AMUL (Anand Milk Udyog Ltd) was started in Gujarat to bring up the economic stability of villagers.When the farmer Prime Minister Lal Bahaddur Shastri visited the functioning as it was rendering a social service to the society, which helped the villagers to come in the national economic stream. The dairy and Animal Husbandry received serious attention after the independence. There were lots many of progressive steps taken by the government through five year plans. This led to the formation of National Dairy Development Board in 1965 & thus in 1970 he decided to Bring a â€Å" White Revolution† throughout the country, Initially 10 states were selected were for this purpose excluding Karnataka.In Karnataka in 1974 an integrated project was launched to restructure and reorganize the dairy industry on Co-operative principle of AMUL and to lay foundation for new direction in dairy industry. INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE India's high-value, high-volume market for traditional dairy prod ucts and delicacies is all set to boom further under the technology of mass production. This market is the largest in value after liquid milk and is estimated at US $3 billion in India. More and more dairy plants in the public, cooperative and private sectors in India are going in for the manufacture of traditional milk products.This trend will undoubtedly give a further stimulus to the milk consumption in the country and ensure a better price to primary milk producers. Simultaneously, it will also help to productively utilize India's growing milk surplus. Milk production in India increased from 17 million tons in 1950-51 to 89. 6 million tons in 2007-08. India has rapidly positioned itself as the world's largest producer of milk. Producing milk in rural areas through smallholder producer cooperatives and moving industrially-processed milk from these smallholder sources to urban demand centers became the cornerstone of government dairy development policy.This policy initiative gave a boost to dairy development and initiated the process of establishing the much-needed linkages between rural producers and urban consumers. The performance of the Indian dairy sector during the past three decades has been truly impressive. Milk production grew at an average annual rate of 4. 6 percent during the 1970s, 5. 7 percent during the 1980s, and 4. 2 percent during the 1990s. Despite its being the largest milk producer in the world, India's per capita availability of milk is one of the lowest in the world, although it is high by developing country standards.The per capital availability of milk expanded substantially during the 1980s and 1990s and reached about 226 grams per day in 2003-04 the per capita consumption of milk and milk products in India is among the highest in Asia, but it is still growing. It is still below the world average of 285 grams per day, and also the minimum nutritional requirement of 280 grams per day as recommended by the Indian Council of Medical R esearch (ICMR). Several factors have contributed to increased milk production. First, milk and dairy products have cultural significance in the Indian diet.A large portion of the population is lacto-vegetarian, so milk and dairy products are an important source of protein in the diet. The demand for milk and dairy products is income-responsive, and growth in per capita income is expected to increase demand for milk and milk products. Despite the fact that dairy production in India is widespread throughout the country and overwhelmingly carried out by small-scale producers, there are still large interregional and interstate variations in milk production.Roughly two-thirds of national milk production comes from the states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Haryana. However, there have been some shifts in milk production shares of different states. In 2001-02, Uttar Pradesh was the largest milk producer in the country, with ab out 16. 5 million tons of milk, followed by Punjab (8. 4 million tons), Rajasthan (6. 3 million tons), Madhya Pradesh (6. 1 million tons), Maharashtra (6 million tons), and Gujarat (5. 6 million tons).The eastern region is lagging behind in terms of dairy development, and imports milk from surplus areas in the West and North. 2. 1. 2 INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE The annual milk production is presently 92 million tones, contributing around Rs. 1000 billion to the GDP. Provides assured and remunerative employment round-the-year to 60 million families. The dairy animals make a substantial contribution to household food security by providing income, quality food, energy, fertilizer and assets in over majority of the rural households in India.The Animal Husbandry is the single largest contributor under the agriculture sector which provides a remunerative employment round the year at a very small investment. The dairy animals make a substantial contribution to household food security by providing income, quality food, energy, fertilizer and assets in over majority of the rural households in India. These livestock keepers are constrained by poor animal health and veterinary services, lack of feed and fodder, water, milk handling, chilling, etc. Besides, there has been lack of infrastructure facilities such as good roads and access to markets, etc.The livestock keepers also lack access to advanced technologies as well as proper institutional support system. The result is that both the production and productivity remain well below its potentials. Thus the losses and wastages continue to remain high. Adapted breeds and local feed resources although available, but need proven technology supports in its preservation and processing. Such support would substantially improve production and productivity, which would result in higher income for the livestock keepers.One of the problems faced by India is unemployment, despite the rapid growth rate. The problem is more acute in rural educated and marginally educated youths, who have no alternative but to migrate to urban areas. Due to automation in various core sectors, the employment opportunities have dwindled considerably whereas the service sector has its own limitations, especially the high investment cost per job created. In this context, the dairy industry offers a plausible opportunity of creation of self-employment with minimum investment.There is a scope for doubling the present milk production, which can be achieved with marginal investment, such a step would not only enhance milk production and productivity, but also would create millions of additional jobs. Dairying is, in fact, a supplementary activity of the marginal farmers and the landless laborers. It is therefore suggested that dairy and such other animal farming be included within the legal framework of ‘agriculture and agriculture products’. This would enable the marginal farmers and the landless agriculture laborers to b enefit from the various government incentives.Milk is no more a luxury, but essential nutritional requirements of human being. The children largely depend on milk for nutrition. Higher milk production therefore will also increase the health status of the farmers and people at large. Due to several inherent reasons, the cost of milk production is high. One of the important reasons is low animal productivity. Because of high cost, the milk and milk products are not affordable to poor strata of the society. Milk is a perishable commodity. Hence, its conversion to products, such as, milk powder, butter and cheese, etc. s necessary. Considering these factors, it is reasonable that at par with agriculture produce, the milk products be also exempted from any excise duty, sales tax and such other taxes. This gesture of the government would go a long way in accelerating the growth of the Indian dairy industry from present annual rate of around 4. 5 % to more than 9%. The conversion of excess milk to milk-products is a necessity. The basic principle here is evaporation of water which changes its physical form only, whereas there is no change whatsoever in its chemical composition.One of the reasons of higher cost of milk and milk products is the cost of packaging. To safeguard the quality and safety for human consumption, packaging of milk and milk product is necessary. The milk product manufacturing therefore should be construed as ‘processing milk for preservation’ and it should be exempted from all the taxes and duties like excise, central sales tax and octroi etc. To enhance milk production during the next five years as well as to address the issues referred in the foregoing sentences, there is an imperative need of policy support from the government on the following core areas ?Clean and quality milk production, processing and packaging ? Boost the exports of milk and milk products ? Enhance milk production and mulch animal productivity   2. 1. 3 Ind ian Dairy: The organized sector is expanding rapidly. India’s modern dairy sector has expanded rapidly. From an insignificant 200,000 liters per day (lpd) of milk being processed in 1951, the organized sector is presently handling some 20 million lpd in over 400 dairy plants. Already, one of the world’s largest liquid milk plants is located in Delhi and handling over 800,000 liters of milk per day (Mother Dairy, Delhi).India's first automated dairy ‘Mother Dairy ‘ has been established at Gandhi agar near Ahmadabad, Gujarat, in Western India and its capacity is capacity is 1 million lpd. It is owned by India’s biggest dairy cooperative group, in Anand, with an annual turnover in excess of Rs 23 billion (US $500 million). Amul-III with its satellite dairies, with total installed capacity of 1. 5 million lpd has also been commissioned. India's first vertical dairy (capacity: 400,000 lpd), owned by the Pradeshik Cooperative Dairy Federation (PCDF) has be en commissioned at Noida, outside DelhiDairy is a place where handling of milk and milk products is done and technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. In India, dairying has been practiced as a rural cottage industry since the remote past. Semi-commercial dairying started with the establishment of military dairy farms and co-operative milk unions throughout the country towards the end of the nineteenth century. The Indian Dairy Industry has made rapid progress since Independence. A large number of modern milk plants and product factories have since been established.These organized dairies have been successfully engaged in the routine commercial production of pasteurized bottled milk and various Western and Indian dairy products. With modern knowledge of the protection of milk during transportation, it became possible to locate dairies where land was less expensive and crops could be grown more economically. 2. 2 DAIRY INDUSTRY PROFILE †¢ Human population: 953 million (70 million dairy farmers) †¢ Milk production: 74. 3 million tonnes (203. 5 million lpd) †¢ Average annual growth rate (1995-2000): 5. 6% Per capita milk availability: 214 g/day or 78 kg/year †¢ Milk animals: 57 million cows; 39 million buffaloes: †¢ Milk yield per breed able bovine in-milk: 1,250 kg †¢ Cattle feed production (organized sector): 1. 5 million tonnes †¢ Turnover of veterinary pharmaceuticals: Rs. 550 crores †¢ Dairy plants throughput: 20 mlpd Specific features of dairy in relation to marketing in developing countries The dairy industry in the developing countries has a number of specific features which distinguish it from the other sectors of agriculture and have particular implications for marketing.First, milk consists of over 85% water, and produced daily. Consequently, high costs of transportation are incurred per unit of output marketed. Also, milk being highly perishable, it needs to be used wit hin a short period or processed and transformed into a more stable, longer-storable form. The quality of milk depends on farm management practices, and milk is potentially subject to adulteration, so strict and comprehensive quality regulations may be necessary when marketing involves more than direct delivery by producers to consumers.Second, the vast majority of the dairy farmers are small-scale producers, who produce milk as a source of regular cash income. Dairy production is a labor-intensive enterprise, and dairy marketing activities often provide substantial employment. However, because of asset fixity (high percentage of fixed costs), dairy enterprises often respond to market changes and incentives in a limited and gradual way. Third, milk can be used to make a wide range of high quality palatable and nutritious products, which often imply substantial value added over the cost of the raw material.When production and consumption points are far apart and demand increase rapidl y, processing of dairy products becomes very important. Fourth, as a consequence of the above features of milk and the market vulnerability of its producers, cooperatives may assume a strong position in milk processing. A survey by the International Dairy Federation in 1984 revealed that in 21 developed countries together accounting for 55% of the world's milk supply, producer cooperatives marketed 86% of total sales of milk from farm to the first handler.In some of these countries, cooperatives also handled 80-90% of the total processing activity. It may be noted that the history of development of dairy cooperatives in these countries are not always similar. However, in most developing countries, dairy producer cooperatives and cooperative processing are either non-existent or very weak. The need for cooperatives in these countries is driven by the need to capture some economies of scale in transportation and processing where numerous small producers are scattered far away from the consumption centers.In many countries, this gap has been filled by establishment of parasitical dairy enterprises for collection and processing of milk to promote domestic dairy. In most cases, these enterprises ended up processing subsidized imported dairy products, neglecting the rural dairy sector. The monopolistic character of these enterprises often led to inefficiency thus they failed to serve the interests of domestic producers and consumers. Weaknesses in physical and marketing links between rural producers and urban processors and consumers are among the major constraints to dairy development in the developing countries.It is important to be aware of and understand how such constraints can be addressed in order to devise mechanisms that can transfer growing urban demand into increased livestock production. Inadequate infrastructure and inefficient marketing may lead to increased transactions costs and/or market failure. By better understanding these costs and identifying t he ways of reducing their impact, policy prescriptions can be made to promote economic development by fostering production and trade. 2. 3 NATIONAL DARIY DEVELOPMENT BOARD: 2. 3. 1 History:The NDDB was founded to replace exploitation with empowerment, tradition with Modernity, Stagnation with growth, transforming dairy into and instrument for the development of Indian’s rural people. The NDDB was established in 1965; the board is registered under the Societies Registration Act and the public Trust Act, fulfilling the desire of the Prime Minister of India – the late Lal Bahaddur Shastri to extend the success of the Kaira Co-operative Milk producers union (AMUL) TO OTHER PARTS OF India. Dr Vergese Kurien was the founder chairman.The success combined the wisdom & energy of farmers with professional management to successful capture liquid milk and milk product markets while supporting farmer’s investment with inputs and services. In 1969, when the Government of Indi a approved the Operation Flood programme and it’s financing through the monetization of World Food Programme-gifted commodities, it was found that the statutes under which NDDB was registered did not provide for handling of government funds. Therefore, in 1970 the government established a public-sector company, the Indian Dairy Corporation.The IDC was given responsibility for receiving the project’s donated commodities; testing their quality; their storage and transfer to user dairies and receiving the dairy payments. Thus it served as finance-cum-promotion entity while the entire Operation Flood technical support was provided by NDDB. To avoid any duplication in their activities or overlap of functions, the IDC and NDDB were eventually merged into a newly constituted NDDB by an Act of Parliament passed in October 1987. 2. 3. 2 The Growth: NDDB began its operations with the mission of making dairying a vehicle to a better future for millions of gross roots milk produce rs.The mission archived helped to launce ‘’Operation Flood’’, a programmed extending over 26 years and with the help of World Bank Loan India become the world’s largest milk producing country. As per March 2001 India’s 96000 Dairy Co-operative are integrated thorough a three Tier Co-operative structure. The Anand pattern, which is owned by more than 10 million formers, procures an average of 1605 million liters of milk every day. The milk is processed and marketed by 170 milk producers’ co-operative unions which, in turn own 15 state co-operative milk marketing federation.Since its establishment the dairy development board has planned and spearheaded India’s Dairy programmer by placing dairy development in the hands of milk producers and the professionals they employ to manage their co-operatives. In addition, NDDB also promotes other commodity based co-operative, allied industries and veterinary biologically on an intensive and nationwide basis. 2. 3. 3 Objectives of NDDB: ? To sponsor, promote, manage, acquire, construct or control any plant or work, which promote projects of general public utility relation to dairying. To make information available on request to technical services to increase production of Milk. ? To prepare initial feasibility studies of dairying and other dairy related projects and undertake subsequent designing planning and start up those projects. ? To undertake research and development programmed related to production and marketing of milk and milk products. ? To provide assistance for exchange of information to other international agencies. 2. 3. 4 Services rendered by NDDB: †¢ Planning dairy and rural development projects. †¢ Organization of farmer co-operative societies. Setting up of dairy and cattle feed plants. †¢ Manpower planning and training. †¢ Applied research and development. †¢ Implementation of milk production enchantment programmed. 2. 3. 5 O bjectives of the study: The objectives of the study were; 1. To study the overall functioning of the organization with help of organization structure. 2. To know about the milk procurement and processing. 3. To study about the area of operation and channels of distribution system. 4. To study their marketing Plans and sales promotional activities. 3 COMPANY PROFILECOMPANY NAME: Dharwad Co-operative Milk Producers Union Ltd. Lakkammanahalli, Industrial Area. P. B Road Dharwad-580004 NATURE OF BUSINESS : Mfg / Service / Semi-agro based Co-operative Unit. TYPE OF OWNERSHIP : Co-Operative Unit. TEL-NO : 0836-2467643, 2461876, 2468380. RAW MATERIAL Milk : 85,000 LPD Water 5 to 6 lack liters/day Coal 4 to 5 tones. CAPACITY OF PLANT: 2, 00,000 Liter’s / Day 12 Tones milk powder, 10 T Butter, 6 T Ghee. FINISHEDPRODUCTS: Milk, Butter, Ghee, Gurtz, Peda, Milk powder, Ice creams, Curd, Lassi, Khova. TOTAL INVEST: 7 Crores TOTAL SOCIETIES AT VILLAGE LEVEL : 460 Societies 3. 1 BOARD OF DI RECTORS 1. Shri B N Arabgond. Chairman 2. Dr M N Venkatramu. Managing Director 3. Shri N S Asuti. Director. 4. Shri G M Morbad. Director. 5. Shri A M Desai. Director. 6. Shri S M Hadagali. Director. 7. Shri R N Davagi. Director. 8. Shri U M Hegade. Director. 9. Shri G G Hegade. Director. 10. Govt Dept Officers. 5 Members. 11. Govt Nominated. 3 Members. KARNATAKA MILK FEDERATION (KMF) [pic] 3. KARNATAKA MILK FEDERATION: The first dairy in Karnataka was started in Kudige in Kodagu district in 1955, further in June 1974; an integrated project was launched in Karnataka to restructure and reorganize the dairy industry on the co-operative principle and to lay foundation for a new direction in dairy development. In 1975, the World Bank aided dairy development was initiated. The present Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) came into existence in 1984-as a result of merging of Karnataka Dairy Development Co-operation, small co-operatives and Karnataka Milk Production Development and loose vendors .At the end of the March 1998, the network of 8023 Diary Co-operative Societies (DCS) have been established which are spread over 166 taluks of the total 175 taluks in all 28 districts of Karnataka. There are 13 Milk Unions and Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) is one among them. There are 35 Chilling centers, 3 Farm coolers, 15 Liquid milk plants and 2 Product dairies for chilling, processing, conservation and marketing of milk. To supply cattle feed there are 4 cattle feed plants. To ensure supply of quality germ plasma Bull breeding farm and frozen semen bank are also available. 3. 2. 1 Karnataka co-operative Milk Producers’ Federation Limited (KMF)KMF is the apex Body in Karnataka representing Dairy Cooperatives. It is the third largest dairy co-operative amongst the dairy co-operatives in the country. To impart training, institutes at Bangalore and regional training institutes at Dharwad and Gulbarga are functioning. Three nitrogen plants (2 plants of 25 CPM and 1 plant of 5 CPM) are been set-up to supply nitrogen, which is used for Refrigeration purpose. Three diagnostic centers have been set-up for monitoring diseases: three fodder farms at Rajkunte, Kuttanahalli and Kodagu have been set-up to supply good quality of fodder and seed production farm at Shahapur has been set-up.The federation giving details of the latest technology in dairy industry etc is published ‘’Ksheer Sagar’’ magazine monthly. 3. 2. 3 UNITS OF KMF: KMF has the following Units functioning directly under its control: ? Mother Dairy, Yelahanka, Bangalore. ? Nandini Milk Products, KMF Complex, Bangalore. ? Cattle Feed Plants at Rajanukunte/Gubbi/Dharwad/Hassan. ? Nandini Sperm Station (formerly known as Bull Breeding Farm & Frozen Semen Bank) at Hessaraghatta. ? Pouch Film Plant at Munnekolalu, Marathhalli. ? Central Training Institute at KMF Complex, Bangalore. ? Quality Control Lab at KMF Complex, Bangalore.List of Co-operative Milk Producers’ Societies Union: [pic] KMF is a co-operative apex body in the state of Karnataka for representing dairy organizations and also implementing dairy development activities to achieve the following objectives. †¢ Providing assured and remunerative market for all the milk produced by the farmer members. †¢ Providing hygienic milk to urban consumers. †¢ To build village level institutions in co-operative sector to manage the dairy activities. †¢ To ensure provision of milk production inputs, processing facilities and dissemination of know-how. To facilitate rural development by providing opportunities for self-employment at village level, preventing migration to urban areas, etc. 3. 2. 4 FUNCTIONS OF KMF: †¢ Co-ordination of activities between the unions. †¢ Developing the markets for the increasing in milk production. †¢ To make the brand ‘’Nandini’’ as a house hold name. †¢ Excellence in quality is to be maintained to lay a solid foundation for wide Spread acceptance of ‘’Nandini’’ products. †¢ To increase the market share of ‘’Nandini’’. THE GROWTH PROCESS: The growth over the years and activities undertaken by KMF is summarized briefly hereunder: Growth of KMF   Descriptions |  Units |1976-1977   |2009-2010 | |  Dairy Co-operatives |  Nos   |  416 |11063 | |  Membership  Ã‚   |  Nos |  37000 |1956163 | |  Milk Procurement  Ã‚   |  Kgs/day |  50000   |3025940 | |  Milk Sales  Ã‚   |  Lts/day |  95050   |2129790/curd:1. 7LKPD | |  Cattle Feed Consumed   |  Kgs/DCS   |  220 |3010 | |  Daily Payment to Farmers   |  Rs. Lakhs   |  0. 90 |342 | |  Turnover   |  Rs. Crores   |   |2707. 00 | Source: DHARWAD MILK UNION [pic] Dharwad District Co-operative Milk Producer’s Societies Union Ltd. The Union was established in the year 1986 under the Operation Flood 2 and 3.The Union a lso later took over in 1988 the Milk Products Factory with a drying capacity of 2. 10 Lakh Litres per day, earler established by the Karnataka milk Products Limited (GOK Undertaking). The Union covers the districts of Dharwad, Karwar, Haveri, and Gadag, and has chilling centres at Gadag, Haveri, Sirsi,, Ron, Nargund, Hirekerur, and Kumta with chilling capacity of 1. 20 Lakh Litres Per Day. The Union procures and sells on an average 0. 92 Lakh per Day and 0. 59 Lakh Liters Per Day respectively. There are 7 Bulk Milk Coolers in the Union.Apart from selling milk, I sells pure buffalo milk and produces very thick 250gm Curds in mud pots specially designed for this namely â€Å"KUDIKE MOSARU†, the famous Dharwad Peda, Butter in bulk as well as in retail packs and in 10 gm chip sets, Ghee, Skimmed Milk Powder and Paneer. Establishment: The Dharwad Milk Union is Co-operative society among the 13 establishments, under KMF: The Dharwad Milk Union (DMU) is one of the most modern plants in the country. It is located in the spacious 25 acres of land, located in Lakamanahalli Industrial Area; adjacent to the National Highway-4. It is patterned the AMUL Milk Dairy, Gujarat.NATURE AND BUSINESS CARRIED: The Nature of Dharwad Milk Union is that procuring the Milk from societies. And that milk will be bringing through tankers for various chilling centers those, which are near and convenient to various societies. The Union processes the milk and market in urban area through by various agents. The Union providing service to milk producer's technical inputs like veterinary services, seeds, fodder etc. and also by giving training to farmer and also induction program. The Union strengthening of milk cooperative movement, organization of extension activities and the rural development services.The Union also owns and operates the dairy plant cattle feed plant; fodder and bull mother forms, semen collection station, and herd quarter center for animal husbandry activities. The Un ion also takes research, development and also other promotional activities for the overall benefit of the farmer. The Union providing various product to market like toned milk, standard milk, full creamed milk, double toned milk, homogeneous standard milk, along with cheese curd, ghee, peda also providing. This is the nature and business carried of the Shivamoga milk Union. 3. 3 VISIONS MISSION AND QUALITY POLICY:VISION STATEMENT OF DMU ? Total quality ? Honesty ? Discipline ? Cleanliness ? Transparency ? Sincerity and dedication ? Co-operation free of politics ? Sovereignty ? Respecting each other's, opinions, ideas & feelings. MISSION STATEMENT OF DMU: Dharwad Milk Union is committed to provide maximum possible price for the milk supplied by its members and provide necessary inputs to enhance milk production while ensuring economic viability of the Union and is also committed to provide quality milk products to consumers and emerge as one of the top most milk union of the co-opera tive dairy industry in the country.At DMU we Endeavor to satisfy the taste and nutritional requirements of the customers. Through excellence in marketing by DMU committed team, DMU are committed to offering quality products that provide best value for money. PUNCH LINE: â€Å"FRESH AND PURE â€Å" DMU QUALITY OBJECTS AND QUALITY POLICY: QUALITY OBJECTS: 1) To develop the quality consciousness among all the producers or employees of the union. 2) To implement the cost reduction in each stage of collection processing and distribution. 3) Make every one aware of the every conservation in dairy. ) To maximize the customers complaints and achieve customer satisfaction. 5) To set goals or targets at all levels to achieve continuous improvement. 6) To train our workman from time to time for exposure to advanced technology for efficient operations. 7) To provide adequate infrastructure facility for improving the work environment. INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES: Infrastructure facilities in DMU , they have these won chilling center and they can distribute milk with the capacity of covering the 11 routes and the capacity is 2, 00,00LPD. Other facilities like: ? Security facilities Canteen facilities ? Shift: Three shift per day. ? Manual punching card and computer entries will be there DHARWAD DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS SOCIETIES UNION LIMITED. Further in 1988, the Raipur Dairy and Chilling Center, setup in 1968, also came under the union. In 1989, the training center, which was controlled by KMF, came under Dharwad Milk Union. DMU was Rs. 7 crore Projects of which Government has Rs. 2Crosre of share capital and authorized capital of DMU is Rs. 5crore. DMU formed 551 milk producer's co-operative societies in Dharwad, Gadag,and Haveri and Uttar Kannada districts.The production capacity of DMU is 2lack liters of milk per day and also has the capacity to produce 12tones of milk powder, 10tones of butter, and 6tones of ghee per day. DMU is collecting 85 thousand liter s of milk per day from its societies and sells 60 thousand liters of milk per day and the remaining milk is used for producing milk products. History: A group of experienced officers, appointed by the Karnataka Milk Federation surveyed the whole of Dharwad districts (includes two newly formed district Gadag and Haveri) and Uttar Karnataka. Further they found out there as a need for a Milk Dairy.They traveled the surrounding villages, educated the villagers about Milk and Milk Products and the benefits they would get from the Milk Dairy. Seeing the overwhelming response and untapped resources and the huge market the Federation decided to setup the Milk Union in 1984, known as the DHARWAD DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS SOCIETIES UNION LIMITED Further in 1988, the Raipur Dairy and Chilling Center, setup in 1968, also came under the union. In 1989, the training center, which was controlled by KMF, came under Dharwad Milk Union. Functions of DMU:The main function of DMU is to procu re milk from villagers and pay them the right price. †¢ To educate the villagers about milk and its quality. †¢ To make ‘Nandini' as a part of daily life. †¢ To provide good quality of cattle feed, fodder, veterinary aid seeds, etc. , to the villagers. †¢ To see that the DCS's are carrying out their activities properly and in an efficient manner. †¢ To see that the milk is brought from DCS's to the chilling centers in the prescribed time. †¢ To look the accounts of the DCS's supervise the purchase process and market the milk and milk products. Objectives of DMU: Providing hygienic and good quality of milk to the consumers. †¢ To build the economic strength of the milk producers in villagers. †¢ To eliminate middlemen's in the business so that the milk producers receive their appropriate share of bread. †¢ To educate the villagers about the adulteration of milk and its harmful effect on the body. †¢ To see that every citizen bec omes healthy by consuming good quality of milk. †¢ To make villagers self-viable and build self image. GOALS OF THE DMU †¢ Generating employment opportunity for rural mass †¢ Procurements of good milk †¢ Supplying quality milk to the customer in the city for appropriate priceProcess at DMU: The milk collected at DCS's is brought to the center through carriers, trucks etc. The quality and quantity of milk bought is checked at the Reception center by a supervisor. A sample of milk is taken and is tested in a laboratory for fat content, Solid Not Fat (SNF) acidity etc. As the milk is at room temperature it is to be brought down to 4 °C to 5 degree C. So that it may check the growth of bacteria. To ensure this milk is passed through a chilling chamber where the milk is chilled. Its temperature is bought down and then the milk is stored in a tank called as â€Å"Ram Milk Tank†.From this tank the milk is pumped to a pasteurizing cell where the milk is heated u p to 72 °C and 15 seconds, so that all the bacteria and microorganisms may be killed and then the milk is simultaneously cooled to 4 °C to 5 degree C and is stored in a â€Å"Pasteurized Milk Tank† . PRODUCT PROFILE Milk Products 1. Nandini Toned milk: Nandini Toned Fresh and Pure milk containing 3. 0% fat and 8. 5% SNF. Available in 500ml and 1litre packs. 2. Nandini Homogenized toned milk: Nandini Homogenized Milk is pure milk which is homogenized and pasteurized. Consistent right through, it gives you more cups of tea or coffee and is easily digestible. . Full cream milk: Full Cream milk. Containing 6% Fat and 9 % SNF. A rich, creamier and tastier milk, Ideal for preparing home-made sweets & savories . 4. Good life: Cow's pure milk, UHT processed bacteria free in a tamper-proof tetra-fino pack which keeps this milk fresh for 60 days without refrigeration until opened. Available in 500ml Fino and in 200ml Bricks. 4. Nandini Ghee: A taste of purity. Nandini Ghee made fro m pure butter. It is fresh and pure with a delicious flavor. Hygienically manufactured and packed in a special pack to retain the goodness of pure ghee.Shelf life of 6 months at ambient temperatures. Available in 200ml, 500ml, 1000ml sachets, 5lts tins and 15. 0 kg tins 5. Nandini Curd: Nandini Curd made from pure milk. It's thick and delicious. Giving you all the goodness of homemade curds. Available in 200gms and 500gms sachet. 6. Nandini Peda: No matter what you are celebrating! Made from pure milk, Nandini Peda is a delicious treat for the family. Store at room temperature approximately 7 days Available in 250gms pack containing 10 pieces each. 10. Butter: Rich, smooth and delicious. Nandini Butter is made out of fresh pasteurized cream.Rich taste, smooth texture and the rich purity of cow's milk makes any preparation a delicious treat. Available in 100gms (salted), 200gms and 500gms cartons both salted and unsalted. Product Processing Milk may be defined as the whole, fresh, cl ean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy milk animals, excluding that obtained within 15 days before or 5 days after calving or such periods as may be necessary to render the milk practically colostrums-free and containing the minimum prescribed percentages of milk fat and milk-solids-not-fat.In India, the term ‘milk', when unqualified, refers to cow or buffalo milk, or a combination of the two. [pic] PRODUCT PROCESSING [pic] SOURCE: DHARWAD MILK UNION |Status |A co-operative society registered under the Co-operative act 1959 | |Nature of Business |Procuring and Marketing of Milk Production and Sale of Milk Products | |Share Capital |5 corers Approx. |Plant Capacity |2 Lakhs Liters / day | | |Milk Powder 12 MT /Day | | |Butter 10 MT / Day | | |Ghee 6 MT / Day | |Milk Chilling Centers and Capacity |Gagad 20000 LPD | | |Haveri 20000 LPD | | |Hirekerur 20000 LPD | | |Naragund 8000 LPD | | |Ron 10000 LPD | | |Sirsi 20000 LPD | |Karwar pac king unit |The milk in bulk is sent for packing and distribution at Karwar Which supplies and | | |need of Karwar, Gokama, Honnavar, Bhatkal, Murdeshwar and Goa | Present Value of Activity |Collection of Milk 85000 LPD | | |Sale of Milk 70000 LPD | |Area of Operation |Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Uttar Karnataka, Goa Parts of Maharashtra | |Board of Directors |Elected Member 8 | | |Ex-Officers 5 | | |By Govt. 3 | |Total Workers |383 Workers |Location |Lakamanahalli Industrial Area, Dharwad | |Department |8 | |Brand Name |Nandini | |Products |Milk | | |Toned Milk, Standard Milk, Shubham Milk | | |Milk Products | | |Butter, Ghee, Peda, Curd, Lassi, Paneer, Milk Powder | |Co-operative Societies at Village Level |460 Societies | 3. 4 LAYOUT OF COMPANY: This is the plant existence in industrial area lakkamanahalli in PB Road. [pic] STRATEGIES OF DMU The Dharwad Milk Union has the following set of strategies, which will be formulated every year. The present year has the following strate gies. The strategies are formulated with the help of KMF and NDDB and the union members.Below are the strategies set for this year. STRATEGIES OF PROCUREMENT AND INPUT DEPARTMENT: †¢ To establish 10 new unions in this year. †¢ Aims at procuring an average of 70,000 liters of milk. †¢ Aims at establishing 15 Artificial Insemination Centers in village units. †¢ Aims at marketing 6080 metric tons of â€Å"Nandini† fodder for cattle. †¢ Aims of setting up of 1296 Veterinary Treatment Camps. †¢ Aims at providing Vaccination to 50,000 cattle against Food and Mouth Diseases. †¢ Making more milk to powder this year. STRATEGIES OF ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT †¢ To Check Labor absenteeism. †¢ To take actions against in-disciplined workers. †¢ To reduce the intake daily workers for petty jobs. Aims at helping the employees to become more responsible towards their work. STRATEGIES OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT Aims at processing an average of 1. 10 lakh liters of milk daily Aims at producing | Tons | Products | | 1338 | Milk powder | | 245. 74 | Butter | | 857. 24 | Bulk Butter | | 135. 52 | Ghee | | 48. 22 | Peda | | 19. 6 | Paneer | | 537. 24 | Curds | There have been plans set to reduce the SNF and FAT content in the milk so as to protect the quality of the milk. STRATEGIES OF THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT †¢ Aims at marketing the above products through proper Distribution Channels. †¢ Aims to conduct 52 Consumer Awareness Programs and various Seminars. †¢ Aims at conducting 10 wholesalers' retailers meeting. †¢ Aims at setting 10 Exclusive NANDINII Milk Parlors. †¢ Aiming to set up new advertisements strategies like putting up of hoardings. †¢ Distributing Pamphlets, contests etc. †¢ Price list of milk and milk producs. SL |Product’s name |Net Amt |Commission |MRP | |1 |Toned Milk/Liter |24. 12 |0. 88 |25. 00 | |2 |HTM/ltr |25. 09 |0. 91 |26. 00 | |3 |HCM/ltr |27 |1. 00 |28. 00 | |4 |Curd 500gm |14 |1. 00 |15. 0 | |5 |Butter Milk 200ml |4 |1. 00 |5. 00 | |6 |Peda/250 gm |39. 00 |6. 00 |45. 00 | |7 |200 ml Ghee |54. 55 |5. 45 |60. 00 | |8 |500 ml |180. 90 |18. 10 |199. 0 | |9 |1000 ml Ghee |250 |30. 00 |280. 00 | |10 |S. F. M/ bottle |14. 47 |2. 53 |17. 00 | |11 |Jamoon mix/ 200gm |44. 64 |5. 36 |50. 00 | |12 |Mysore pak/ 250 gm |66. 97 |8. 03 |75. 0 | |13 |Paneer/kg |217. 39 |32. 61 |250. 00 | |14 |Butter 500gm |126. 79 |15. 21 |142. 00 | NANDINI PRODUCT DETAILS AND RATE (NMP PRODUCTS) |Sl No. |Product Name |Maximum Price of Sale | | |Badam Powder 200 gm Tin/Kg |250. 00 | | |Badam Powder 200 gm Tin/Kg 50. 00 | | |Badam Powder 10 gm Tin/Kg |300. 00 | | |Mysore Pak 250 gm/Kg |280. 00 | | |Mysore Pak 250 gm pack |70. 00 | | |Jamoon Mix 200 gm / Kg |250. 00 | | |Jamoon Mix 200 gm / pack |50. 0 | | |SFM Bottles |14. 00 | | |Milk 200 Ml Pack (Tetra Pack) |14. 00 | CHAPTER – 2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE [pic] Organization structure is the skeleton of the organization. It prescribes the formal relationship among various position and the activities. Arrangements about reporting, relationship, how an organization member is to communicate with other members, what roles and procedures exist to guide the various activities performed by the members of all parts of the organization structure.Organization structure plays a vital role in achieving the organizational goals. Organization structure should be properly designed to facilitate the smooth functioning of the organization. Organization structure of Dharwad milk union consists of BOD’s at the top. Then president, under whom is the Managing Director. He is the person who is responsible for smooth functioning of the organization. After Managing Director there are managers and Deputy Mangers of various departments who are responsible and accountable for the activities of their respective departments. There are subordinates, supervisors and employees who are directly linked with department managers. DEPARTMENTS OF DMU: 1. PURCHASE DEPARTMENT:It is a sub-department, which comes under Finance Department. The main work of this department is to purchase various materials required by different department. After ascertaining the stock position by stores department and indent is sent by different department duly approved by the Managing Director. This department act to purchase materials. It also maintains records of all the suppliers calls for Tenders, quotations etc. Quotations with lowest rate are sanctioned. Purchase up to 50,000 can be made by Purchase Department. If the purchase amount is more than 50,000, then the approval of Managing Director. STRUCTURE:- The structure of Purchase Department is as shown: QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT:In DMU, at every stage, care is taken to ensure that the customer gets the products, which have a very high quality. Hence there is a separate department called Quality Department. Where the quality testing is done. There is a separate laboratory for this. Quality control is very essential as to maintain the freshness of the milk. All the containers, pipes and other equipments are washed with hot water before starting off with new production. There are many tests conducted here. The packed milk we get will have undergone 3 quality tests. First test is done on raw milk, which we get from chilling center. Next before standardization and the last test before packing. The other tests conducted are: TEST |REASON | | Temperature | Should be below 5 degrees | | Clot on Boiling | If mill curdles soon after boiling milk is | | |Rejected | | Acidity Test | To test the extent of acidity | | Alcohol Test | To check the heat stability of milk | | Lactometer | To check the density of milk | | Fat test | Percentage of fat determined | | SNF Test | Percentage of SNF determined for pricing SNF=CLR+FAT/4 | 2. PRODUCTION PROCESS AND DEPARTMENT: The main objective of this department is to follow up production schedule as per plan and to maintain close and co-ordinate relationship with other department and ensures to upgrade the technical efficiency of production. Milk, as it is highly perishable product has to process immediately to avoid spoilage milk with respect to its flavor, texture and taste. Production department is well equipped and has various types of highly sophisticated machines imported from Sweden and Denmark.Once the milk is received from P & I department, it is first weighed with the help of weighing bowl. Later, it is poured in dump tank. Sample testing is made through lactometer reading and other tests. The fat and SNF content of each sample of milk is accessed the cow and buffalo's milk are separately received and sent to the production section separately through two different stainless steel pipes. Later, the raw milk is passed through plate chiller of variable capacity where it is cooled up to 4-5 degrees Celsius. This cooled raw material is further stored in a silo of 30,000 liters capacity. PURPOSE OF CHILLING: This is done to avoid the growth of microorganisms, which are responsible for spoilage of milk and bitter taste.The milk, which is stored in silos, is pumped through pipeline to the balance tank, which helps to maintain the steady speed flow of milk in the Pasteurization machine. In, DMU there are 2 milk Pasteurization machine and 1 Cream Pasteurization machine. PURPOSE OF PASTEURIZATION: Pasteurization is a process where milk is heated to high temperature and cooled instantly, to destroy any microorganism. The pasteurized milk will stored in Pasteurized milk silos and then sent to pre-packing section. Packing is done in 500ml and 1000ml and stored in cold storage at 7 °. PASTEURIZATION OF CREAM: The milk in bulk is taken to the cream separator. Here, the, cream is separated.The cream is passed through cream Pasteurization Unit. This cream is sent to Butter Section. The milk with no fat is skimmed milk. Th is skim milk ‘is pumped back to Pasteurization Unit and heated to 72 ° using steam and chilled to 4 ° using chilled water and stored silos. This skimmed milk is sent to powder section. The pasteurize cream is mixed in portion to pasteurized milk. CURDS: Raw milk is heated to 90 ° and allowed to cool to 30 °. Later culture is added to it and packed; the curd is formed in the packet itself. It is stored and packed in 200gms and 500gms. BUTTER: The cream, which is stored in cream refining tank, is taken to the churning section where it is churned.Here butler fat and buttermilk are separated. The vacuum pump removes excess of moisture and butter comes out of continuous butter making machine (capacity – 1500 kgs/hour). Butler is packed in 100, 200 and 500 gms and also in 10, 25 gms, these are stored in deep freezer room with temperature – 22 ° and if the order of salt butter they mix the salt water with cream and other process is same. GHEE: There are 2 Ghee Boiler of capacity 1500 kgs/batch. A Butter of 2. 5 tons is melted and is brought to Ghee Boiler. Here it is heated to 116-117 degree Celsius for 15 minutes so that the residue is allowed to settle down and Ghee is passed to setting tank through clarifiers.Later Ghee is allowed for cooling (at 30 °-40 °) and packed in Tin of Liter, 500 ml and 200 ml of pack and kept in the cold storage. PANEER: If there is excess of milk, then, Paneer is been made. The milk is heated to 900 for 15-20 minutes. Glacial acetic acid is added to milk and then milk is strained through fine muslin cloth. The solid potion is retained and is put in water and then it is put in chilled water and left overnight. Later it is packed and stored in cold storage. MILK POWDER: When there is excess of milk. Milk powder is made. The capacity of the powder plant is 12 tons. There are two sections – Evaporator and Spray Drier through which milk is converted to Milk Powder. In Evaporator, milk is boiled for 55  ° at high vacuum.Milk is concentrated to drier 40-45% of milk is solid, moisture is removed and the milk power obtained consists of 4% moisture. PEDHA: Dharwad is famous for its delicious Peda. DMU has separate Peda section. About 80 Liters (depends upon the demand) is heated continuously for 3 hours till the milk is semi-solid, later sugar and other ingredients are added and stirred continuously on low flame. Later it cooled and it is shaped in small balls and packed. The milk produced here is differentiated by the content of fat and SNF |TYPE |FAT |SNF | |Toned ‘Milk |3. 1% |8. % | |Standard Milk |4. 5% |9% | |Shubham Milk |6% |9% | |Full Cream Milk |5. 1% |9% | The below table gives a brief idea of the milk products, their fat SNF, moisture Content: |PRODUCT |FAT |SNF |MOISTURE | |Butter |83% |1% |16% | |Ghee |99. % |- |0. 2% | |Pannier |20% |30% |50% | The production department has the following structure: Package of milk: The company has three machines with double head ; six persons for packing the milk. The milk is heated from 70-80 degree temperature and compressed air for filling of milk. Total workers in this department are 24. Liquid milk weight in grams a) 200 ml=208 +/-3 gms b) 500 ml=517 +/-3 gms c) 10,00 ml=1034 +/-5 gms Curds weight: †¢ 200 gms = 202 +or- †¢ 500 gms = 503+or-2Film length: a) 200 ml= 100 mm b) 500 ml= 150 mm c) 1000 ml= 230 mm While packaging of milk. The crate is washed from 3 to 5 degree temperature and then the milk is set in crate and the milk is stored in cold room. The temperature of cold room is 2 to 5 degree Celsius. 3. PROCUREMENT AND INPUT DEPARTMENT: Input required per day: Milk procurement up to 85000 liters 5 to 6 lakh liters of water 10,000 units of electricity 4 to 5 tones of coal Generator in case of electricity failure and manpower Quality Control: At different stages of production the officer from the Quality Control department keeps verifying the quality of the products frequently.Any defects or unconformity to standards is immediately reports and necessary measures are taken to correct them. It is only that after the approval of this department the goods can be dispatched to the market. Waste materials are sent to Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The buttermilk liquid containing a small percentage of fat content is sold to the soap manufacturers, otherwise it is sent to a special tank with agitator rotating in it. Different chemicals are used and sterilized fresh water is released for agricultural purpose. Caution is taken with regard to the height of the chimney to avoid air pollution. Steam plant: In various steps of production for instance melting of butter to ghee etc. steam is required. This steam is produced in steam production plant where coal is used for this purpose. Everyday nearly 4-5 tones of coal are required. The ash is sold to the brick manufacturer. THE STRUCTURE OF P&I DEPARTMENT: Procurement and input department is play a vital role in the DMU. In any a ny milk union this department handles the procurement of the milk required amt to the production process. FUNCTIONS OF P&I: †¢ Procurement of milk from milk producer’s co-operative societies. †¢ Establishment of milk producer’s co-operative societies. †¢ Encouraging farmers to produce more milk. †¢ Provide fair price to the good quality milk. PROCUREMENT OF MILK:Daily procurement of DMU is 80,000 liters/day on average. Procurement of milk seasonally variated from September – December the milk productivity is high and in summer it is low. M Milk collection process Milk procurement process has done all the 365 days and two times a day and procuring milk routes through transportation. DMU making Rs11 for cow milk and Rs13. 50for buffalo milk as minimum and other rate will depend on the SNF and FAT. After the chilling the milk is loaded and brought to the near by union. Once milk brought to the union it is rechecked for quality, quantity, freshne ss and then it sent for the further production process.If the milk is spoilt in transit it brought to the notice of concerned society, in case of away society if the milk is spoilt due to carelessness/delay of the driver it is brought to the notice to the contractor who is responsible for the loss. ESTABLISHMENT OF DAIRY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES:- This is the important task carried by the P&I dept, societies are established in villages. There should be a min 50 members from societies and there should surplus of 75 liters of milk collection per day. There should be localities should produce milk from buffalo or cow or both, there is cheap elected from members who has ability to run a society successfully he is responsible for selling the shares to the formers who contributed from the societies. Share of Rs100 each should be allocated a society should gather an Rs20, 000 from the society.After registration, a commencing a general body meeting will held with 9 members who are influential and knowledgeable elected becomes director of the societies two as take as secretary and tester. It is the duty of secretary to maintain all records and ledgers of dairy transactions. The tester verifies quality of the milk a sheet a send with the carrier. PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES:- This dept takes some promotional activities to increase the rate of production of the milk. †¢ Veterinary services to keep up the good health of cattle through a) Regular health Camps b) Emergency service round the clock c) First aid, Vaccination, Infertility Camps, Fodder †¢ Artificial Insemination facilities for improvement of Cattle breed. Facilitating Training Programs regarding management of Cattle. †¢ Supply of Fodder to the cattle. PRICE TO THE PROCURED MILK:- | |Fat content |SNF |Price/Liter | |Buffalo. |6% |9% |12. 60RS | |Cow’s Milk. |3. 5% |8. 5% |9. 75Rs | The price given below is based on the SNF and Fat 4. STORES DEPARTMENT: STRUCTURE:- The stores department in DMU foll ows the Cordex System (Coded Control System). A card is maintained for each item and a number is allotted.The card attached to each article consists of amount balance, date of issue, purchase etc. this is later recorded in separated ledger book. The inventors are of different kind ranging from mechanical, spares, packing items to animal drugs, and stationary and veterinary drugs. There are at least 4000 different inventories. This department has the following services: It tries to maintain maximum and minimum level of inventory so as to avoid blockage of capital and storage. Ordinary and local available commodities are maintained at minimum possible level. Items of urgent and not easily available are stored sufficiently for further demand. Finished Goods Stores Department:The FGS department has the following structure Finished Goods Stores: This department acts as an interface between production and Marketing Department. It is concerned with maintenance of finishes goods connected r ecords. It receives all the finished goods and issues the stock to marketing department as per indents. It ensures that the goods are maintained properly with respect to quality. Accounts are maintained and daily and monthly report is submitted to the production. Marketing and Finance Department, as the products as perishable first-in-first-out method of inventory is followed 5. FINANCE DEPARTMENT: The structure of finance Department is as shown:This Department is responsible for keeping all the inward and outward flow of money of union. It prepares budget every year and fi