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Behaviorism, Operant And Classical Conditioning - 1309 Words

This quote ties in to our topic of discussion, psychologist or any researcher at that matter will always be questioning. This is how we have come to learn as much as we have today. The psychologist were always coming up with new ideas and concepts and challenging them until they figured out how behavior works. Behaviorism is a school of thought that was joined from no other than John B. Watson. Behaviorism is the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events, in contrast with subjective mental states. Behaviorism was a movement in psychology and philosophy that emphasized the outward behavioral aspects of thought and dismissed the inward experiential, and sometimes the inner procedural, aspects as well; a movement harking back to the methodological proposals of John B. Watson, who coined the name. There are a couple of main components within behaviori sm, operant and classical conditioning. Operant conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response. B.F Skinner the more radical behaviorist coined the operant conditioning theory. He believed that through series of reinforcement a behavior will increase or a series of punishment a behavior will decrease. There are two types of reinforcement and two types of punishment.Show MoreRelatedBehaviorism And Classical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesBehaviorism is one of many theories in the field of psychology. It can be applied in different learning scenarios for different research purposes. Biographical information will be provided about the founders of the theory who are John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. However, the information will focus more on their early education and known achievements. Furthermore, you will find different th eories regarding behaviorism such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In order to understandRead MoreBehaviorism Theory Of Classical Conditioning1700 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviorism is a theory that behavior can be altered through conditioning. Behaviorism does not focus on thoughts or feelings of the subject, just their behavior. Ivan Pavlov was a major part of this movement of behaviorism with his theory of classical conditioning. The most important part of classical conditioning is that it is done through repetition. In his experiment he began with noticing that an unconditioned stimulus like dog food causes an unconditioned response like salivation. He thenRead MoreWatson, Skinner and Tolman Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesfounder of behaviorism and B.F. Skinner is the founder of radical behaviorism, but Edward Tolman marches to a different drum and is known for developing cognitive theory. Herein we will compare and contrast each theory and formulate how eac h theory is imperative in 2012. John B. Watson Born January 9, 1878 John B. Watson is credited as the founder of behaviorism. Behaviorism is a theory that equates behavior to conditioning. Typical examples of behavior conditioning are classical conditioningRead MoreBehaviorism : A Psychological Perspective1018 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology 101 11/2/15 Behaviorism Behaviorism is a psychological perspective that focuses on an individual’s behavior. The main theorist behind this perspective was John Broadus Watson, who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Through his behaviorist views, he spectated the behavior of humans and animals when put into different situations. Watson published and article titled â€Å"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it† where he explained his position on behaviorism. Watson stated that PsychologyRead MoreBehaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesonly responded to external stimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentioned, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviors. This includes Thorndike’s theory of connectionism, Pavlov’s classical conditioning and the well-known conditioning theory from Skinner—the operant conditioning model. However, many researchers did not like the one-size fit s all explanation of behaviorism. Cognitivism grew in response to behaviorism in an effort to better understandRead MoreClassical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesDefine Classical Conditioning and Behaviorism. b) Identify the two major characteristics that distinguish classical conditioning from operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning is a type of learning process of an individual when they come in contact with certain stimuli. According to Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, he developed several experiments on learning and he discovered that classical condition is the basic form of learning for an individual. However, according to Pavlov, behaviorism is theRead More The Science of Psychology Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesto psychology, the most important being structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, behaviorism, etc. The approach that deals with learning is behaviorism. Behaviorism was a movement in psychology and philosophy that emphasized the outward behavioral aspects of thought and dismissed the inward experiential aspects. It was proposed in 1913 by John B. Watson, who is known as the founder of behaviorism. Behaviorists are mainly concerned with the manner in which organisms learn orRead MoreBehaviorism s Theory Of Psychology983 Words   |  4 PagesClassification Behaviorism claims that â€Å"consciousness† is neither defined nor unable concept; that it is merely another word for the â€Å"soul† of more ancient time (Watson, 1970). However, behaviorism holds the subject matter of human psychology it focus on the behavior or activities of the human being. Etymology The word behaviorism originates from the Middle French word behavior, meaning the observable activity in human and animal. This term was coined in 1913 by the United States psychologistRead MoreUpchurch Shawna EDUC 205 Learning Theory Paper1384 Words   |  6 PagesAugust 14, 2014 Behaviorism Behaviorism is one of the most used theories in education. Due to it can fit in both a classroom setting and at home. Educators had sought out the reason why for many years. But due to each child learns a different way so should the educator. Behaviorism was study by many great Psychologists over the years. Just to name some that had done work and publish books on the subject are, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Clark Hull, and B.F. Skinner. Behaviorism is defined as,† aRead MorePsychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior1013 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction- In the field of psychology, behaviorism was one of the theoretical ideas that changed quite drastically during the 20th century. Behaviorism tried to diminish the emphasis on the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind, instead putting forward a new way to look at human behavior that is empirical (observed, quantified, and measured). Ivan Pavlov, for instance, was researching the digestive systems of dogs and led him to the discovery of classical condition, a way to modify behaviors

Human Research Ethics

Question: Discuss about theHuman Research Ethics. Answer: The Historical Aspects and Infuence of Three Documents: The Nuremberg Code: According to Nuremberg Code, the voluntary permission of the human subjects is essential to progress the particular process in an effective manner. It indicates that the person participating in the process should have the legal capacity for giving the permission. As per the particular code, the human subjects must have the adequate knowledge on the nature, duration and the purpose of the experiments (Dhai, 2014). Moreover, the effect of the research should not affect the health of the human subject. According to the code, the experiment should be beneficial for the society and the research should not be random in nature. During the mid-century, the participants had to face challenges for undergoing the treatment process, as they might face physical trouble due to the adverse clinical effects. On the contrary, according to the Nuremberg code, the experiment must be conducted through following a particular set of processes so that it could not make any unnecessary physical and mental s uffering and injury (Monroe et al., 2013). This particular guideline has facilitated in enhancing the clinical trial process in the present days, and it has contributed to shaping up the process for engaging the research on the human subjects. Moreover, the experiment conducted in present days is executed under the supervision of scientifically qualified persons. Similarly, clinical trial process has also been described in the Nuremberg code. The Declaration of Helsinki: The declaration of Helsinki suggests the set of ethical principles on the human experimentation developed by the World Medical Association (World Medical Association., 2013). It has been developed for the medical community, and it is regarded as one of the prime document on the human research ethics. According to the particular law, the duty of the physicians is to promote and safeguard the health of the patients. Moreover, the physicians are responsible for protecting those who are involved in the medical research process. Physicians need to consider the ethical, legal and regulatory rules and regulations for the investigation involving the human subjects. The prime duty of the physicians participating in the medical research is to safeguard the life, health, dignity, privacy, integrity, confidentiality of personal information of the investigating subjects (Millum, Wendler Emanuel, 2013). In the present days, these factors are considered into the other field of human research ethic s apart from the medical sector. For instance, without upholding the dignity into the process, the researcher would not be able to obtain enhanced outcome out of it. On the other hand, the medical research involving the human subjects needs to be followed by the scientific principles and the researcher mush have painstaking knowledge of the relevant sources of information and other scientific literature. Without upholding the modern and scientific process, the researcher investigating on the human subjects would not be able to obtain a beneficial outcome. According to the Declaration of Helsinki, human subjects must have the proper scientific training and qualifications so that the research can be executed in an efficient manner (Adams Miles, 2013). Likewise, in the modern day, the researcher involves the trained human subjects into the research process for obtaining high value in the research. The Belmont Report: The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioural Research created the Belmont Report. The particular report is first issued on 30th September 1978, and it was published in the Federal Register on 18th April 1979 (Brakewood Poldrack, 2013). The particular legislation indicates the unifying ethical principles, which develops the basis for the National commissions topic-specific reports. According to the Belmont Report, there are three fundamental ethical principles to utilize the human subjects for investigation. Three fundamentals are respect for the person, beneficence and justice (Sieber Tolich, 2012). The researcher needs to treat the human subjects with proper courtesy, and the human subject needs to be respected in an efficient manner. Besides this, the human subjects should not face any harm during the process. Lastly, the human subjects need to be provided the non-exploitative situation. Moreover, the participants should obtain the fa ir distribution of the costs and benefits so that they could be encouraged for the future research. By analysing the Nuremberg code, it can be assessed that the volunteer permission of any human subjects is needed for involving him into clinical trial process. Likewise, in the human resource management system, the manager needs to accumulate the feedback and suggestions before implementing a process in to the business. On the other hand, the experiment needs to be benefited t the employees. On the other hand, the declaration of Helsinki indicates the ethical approaches for the medical community. According to the declaration of Helsinki, the physicians should be responsible for the protection of health of the patient. Moreover, the physicians need to provide a safeguard to the patients. Similarly, the human resource management team needs to safeguard the employees in the difficult situation. With the involvement of the scientific training and development session, the manager could easily enhance the workability skills of the employees. According to Brakewood Poldrack (2013), the Be lmont report draws the ethical principal for utilising the human subject to investigate. It focuses on three fundamentals including respect for the person, beneficence and justice. Likewise, these fundamentals are also applicable for the human resource team, as these rules could facilitate them in providing respects to the employees. Consequently, these rules can improve the productivity in an effective manner. Role of Human Research Ethics Committees: The human research ethics committee plays an integral role and responsibility in the Australian system for identifying the misunderstanding of the research concerning the humans. The human research ethics committee accurately reviews the research proposals, which involves the human subjects for ensuring the fact that the participants are ethically acceptable and in accordance with the pertinent standard and guideline (Bell, 2014). More than 200 HRECs have been regulating the particular process in Australia. However, other countries also follow this kind of similar system. The national statement focuses on the participants rather analysing on the subjects. According to the national statement, the values need to be set out for the research process. For instances, the investigator needs to have the respect for the human subjects. Moreover, there should be mutual responsibility, trust and ethical equality in the research process. The national statement includes a series of the guideline for any researcher conducting the investigation with human subjects (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2016). Moreover, the particular guideline consists of regulations for the potential research participants. Finally, it can be assessed that the prime role of the human research ethics committee is to identify the rule highlighting the fact that human being needs to be provided adequate respect for upholding the ethical values in an efficient manner. The entire design of the research must be followed by the particular set of guidelines so that the research outcomes facilitate in conducting the future project (National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research, 2007). The HREC plays an integral role in the governance of research. Moreover, it provides the approval to the new organization conducting the future project. The human research ethics committee accurately reviews the research proposals, which involves the human subjects for ensuring the fact that the participants are ethically acceptable and in accordance with the pertinent standard and guideline. Main Ethical Issues Surrounding RCTs: Randomized controlled trial (RCTs) indicates a particular type of scientific experiment aiming to reduce bias while testing a new treatment or pharmacological agent. The participants of the trial are allocated to the group that receives the treatment under the investigations and a control group who does not have the treatment. Randomization facilitates the analysis to reduce the biases from the experiments. In the clinical trial process, patients are assigned to the groups receiving different treatments. Hence, the method of assigning the patients into group is called randomization. Over the past few decades, the randomized controlled trials have been increasing, as it enhances the outcome of the clinical trial Buchanan (Wordsworth Schuh, 2013). Moreover, the randomized case trial is more powerful than case reports and observational studies. During the same timeline, the randomized controlled trial was an integral part of the regulatory process, as it facilitates the new therapeutic in gaining access to the drug market. Nowadays, the clinical trials have become strict, as new rules and ethical approaches have been implemented to it for obtaining enhanced outcomes in an efficient manner. On the other hand, these days, the organization conducting the clinical trial, needs to abide by a set of ethics so that the human subjects do not face any physical or mental challenges during the execution process (Chaudhry et al., 2013). Without upholding the ethical requirements, the clinical enterprises are no able to execute the particular process in an effective manner. Besides this, the organizations need to uphold the epistemic standards while conducting the clinical trial. It is a legacy to the old treatment for involving the human subjects into the clinical trial. During the World War II, human experimentation was conducted. However, this legacy continues even after World War II. Consequently, this particular process built up negative impression when some identical ca ses of unethical handling of human subjects. During that timeline, prisoners, the mentally challenged, the poor or the ethnic minorities had been involved in the clinical trial process. These groups of people were hired for conducting the ill-famed Tuskegee syphilis study (Sieber Tolich, 2012). The execution of such practices in democratic and civilized countries indicated that the war slaughter were not the only threats for the human subjects. Hence, the conception of such process had to be reformed entirely so that it could not hurt any human subjects (Lewis, Lipworth Kerridge, 2014). Until the 1970s, the medical investigators had sole authority adjudicating the legitimacy of a study protocol. The protection of the participating patients had to be given by the physician. According to Hippocratic Oath, the doctors should provide the safeguard to the patients while conducting research on human subjects. However, the particular research ethics is completely different from the medic al ethics. On the contrary, these ethics emerged when the episodes of the research delinquency uncovered such assurance in all its meagreness. There are some ethical issues surrounding RCTs. The general problem of the clinical trials can be identified through highlighting the fact that the trial participants often are avoided from the benefits of this particular process. In most of the cases, human subject gaining from the trial results and the trial participants bearing the risk and burden are different. On the other hand, participating in the new clinical trial indicates a high-risk factor compared to having an ordinary clinical check-up. There would be the unexpected effects of the new treatments on the participants. However, these risks are not entirely covered by the legislations. Moreover, the potentially beneficial aspects of the clinical process do not properly counterbalance. The particular trial process not only ended by treating the participants but also produce in-depth medical knowledge. During the mid-century, most of the physicians did not provide adequate information to the participants. Consequently, these participants were placed into the process through the disproportional step. On the contrary, nowadays, the participants are guided by all information about the entire process and the probable outcome of the research. Previously, the physicians deceive the participants by promising a cure for their individual disease that they were dealing with it. Hence, the modern system indicates the fact that the physician must allow the patients to accept the entire process of conducting the particular process. The most important ethical consideration of modern biomedical, clinical trial is that the informed permission is now an integral condition for both research and therapy. According to the modern conception, the prime consent of therapy or research protocol includes three basic features for validating the process in an effective manner. These features are such as the process must be voluntarily expressed, it should be the expression of the proficient subject, and the human subject must have adequate information about the particular process (Turner et al., 2012). However, the physicians often face challenges to identify what level of adequate information is needed to be valid for the particular clinical trial process. Without providing the adequate information on the risks and benefits of the treatment to the patients, physicians may not obtain the approval for the continuation of the process. The participants may undergo the process of blinding and randomization for understanding that the research is voluntary (Hebden, Chey Allmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Farinelli, 2012). It indicates the unjustified to the participants, as they are unable to obtain the benefits out of the process. The patients are required to have the in-depth understanding of the diagnostic or the therapeutic process. Moreover, they should have the adequate knowledge on the risks and benefits of the particular process. In the modern medical research process, the prime issues indicate the fact that the aim of the research does not directly benefit the research participants. However, the patients may receive the therapeutic benefits due to the engagement into the clinical trial process. Sometimes the personal expectations of the patients and investigators may play an integral role in the progression of the process. Consequently, the scientific test of new intervention often requires the patients to receive the pla cebo. Although the placebo lacks the active role of the experimental treatment, it is identical with it. The prime issue for using the placebo is that the physicians often face challenges to make them believe that the placebo plays an integral role in the treatment process. Randomization and blinding are both epistemic devices needed in the clinical trial process for ruling out the most palpable perturbations of the trial outcomes due to the interference from the researcher of the participants (Jenkins et al., 2013). Hence, it can be assessed that the particular process includes distinctive issues highlighted in the above discussion. By analysing the above discussion, it can be assessed that the clinical trials have become increasingly complex for evaluating the clinical research progress. The ethical consideration needs to be abreast of new changes for providing adequate guidance for the medical research in the future. There are several advantages of RCTs. The RCTs facilitate in el iminating the bias to assign the treatment properly. Moreover, it contributes in masking of the identity of treatments from the investigators, participants and assessors. References: Adams, D. P., Miles, T. P. (2013). The application of Belmont Report principles to policy development.Journal of gerontological nursing,39(12), 16-21. Bell, J. (2014).Doing Your Research Project: A guide for first-time researchers. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Brakewood, B., Poldrack, R. A. (2013). The ethics of secondary data analysis: considering the application of Belmont principles to the sharing of neuroimaging data.Neuroimage,82, 671-676. Buchanan, J., Wordsworth, S., Schuh, A. (2013). Issues surrounding the health economic evaluation of genomic technologies.Pharmacogenomics,14(15), 1833-1847. Chaudhry, S. H., Brehaut, J. C., Grimshaw, J. M., Weijer, C., Boruch, R., Donner, A., ... Zwarenstein, M. (2013). Challenges in the research ethics review of cluster randomized trials: International survey of investigators.Clinical Trials,10(2), 257-268. Dhai, A. (2014). The research ethics evolution: From Nuremberg to Helsinki.SAMJ: South African Medical Journal,104(3), 178-180. Hebden, L., Chey, T., Allmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Farinelli, M. (2012). Lifestyle intervention for preventing weight gain in young adults: a systematic review and metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ analysis of RCTs.Obesity Reviews,13(8), 692-710. Jenkins, V., Farewell, V., Farewell, D., Darmanin, J., Wagstaff, J., Langridge, C., Fallowfield, L. (2013). Drivers and barriers to patient participation in RCTs.British journal of cancer,108(7), 1402-1407. Lewis, J., Lipworth, W., Kerridge, I. (2014). Ethics, evidence and economics in the pursuit of personalized medicine.Journal of personalized medicine,4(2), 137-146. Millum, J., Wendler, D., Emanuel, E. J. (2013). The 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Helsinki: progress but many remaining challenges.Jama,310(20), 2143-2144. Monroe, T. B., Herr, K. A., Mion, L. C., Cowan, R. L. (2013). Ethical and legal issues in pain research in cognitively impaired older adults.International journal of nursing studies,50(9), 1283-1287. National Health and Medical Research Council. (2016) Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) |.Nhmrc.gov.au. Retrieved 20 September 2016, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/health-ethics/human-research-ethics-committees-hrecs National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007) - Updated May 2015 | National Health and Medical Research Council. (2015).Nhmrc.gov.au. Retrieved 20 September 2016, from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/e72 Sieber, J. E., Tolich, M. B. (2012).Planning ethically responsible research(Vol. 31). Sage Publications. Turner, L., Shamseer, L., Altman, D. G., Weeks, L., Peters, J., Kober, T., ... Moher, D. (2012). Consolidated standards of reporting trials (CONSORT) and the completeness of reporting of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in medical journals.The Cochrane Library. World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.Jama,310(20), 2191.

Mccarthyism and the One Flew over the Cuckooâ„¢s Nest free essay sample

At that time, the news Of Soviet atomic bomb and the trial and conviction of Alger Hiss were fresh in the publics mind (McCarthy P. 72), so his speech about anti-communist was very effective. In his speech, McCarthy claimed not only that he had a list of the names of 205 State Department Communists, but also that the administration in the State Department knew who they were and approved what they did. He used this imaginary list to criticize his opponents that they were complicit in treason or maybe traitors themselves. This list functions in a very similar way as the log book.Nurse Ratchet uses the log book as a tool to collect the hearsay from the patients. Then, she sets up meeting, which she clams is a group therapy (Cuckoos Nest P. 134), with the patients to discuss about the hearsay and humiliate individual patient who has bad hearsay. Thus, the log book functions in a way that gives her control over the patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Mccarthyism and the One Flew over the Cuckooâ„ ¢s Nest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The character that is initially able to fight against Nurse Ratchet is McCarthy. His arrival and uprising gradually influences the other patients to challenge Nurse Ratchets authority. She tries to retain her authority by using a number of ways.First, she confiscates the patients cigarette (used as money in the ward) and the tub-room privilege. But then her tactic fails because McCarthy and the rest of the patients are unsatisfied and seize to get back their cigarettes as well as the privilege of the tub-room. Because of the failure of this tactic, Nurse Ratchet decides to utilize electro shock therapy as her next manipulating weapon. In the novel Nurse Ratchet mentions, it might be beneficial that he chive some shock therapy-?unless he realizes his mistakes (Cuckoos Nest P. 53), indicating that electro shock therapy is used as a punishment Similarly, lobotomy is also a punishment tool, but it functions more intensely, as this surgery turns the patient into vegetable. The relationship between Nurse Ratchet and McCarthy directly relates to the relationship between Joseph McCarthy and Alger Hiss. Alger Hiss was a government official of the U. S. State Department and official in united Nations, and was accused of having been a spy for the Soviet Union while working in the U. S. State Department. Although Alger Hiss claimed that he was innocent, it demonstrated that Communist party engaging in high position in the U. S. Government was possible. People thought that if government official like Alger was suspicious, then anyone could be a communist. Hiss was also accused of perjury under oath earlier. During the discovery process, Chambers provided more evidence indicating that he and Hiss were members of the communist party. Finally, Hiss was judged guilty of perjury, and he was put into jail for three and a half years (Alger Hiss). But he claimed that he was innocent until his death.Even though there was no definite evidence to prove that Hiss was a Soviet spy, people were afraid of another outbreak of Soviet spy, and thus eventually led to the anti- Communist-?McCarthy. Likewise, Nurse Ratchet indicates McCarthy as an insane person, but in fact he is one of the most normal person in the mental ward. Nurse Ratchets use Of electro shock therapy and lobotomy to McCarthy parallels with McCarthy use of accusation and imprison to Hiss. McCarthy believes that he is not insane parallel to Alger Hisss claim of innocence in trial.As Nurse Ratchet serves as coercion in the novel, Chief rivers as a victim who is coerced under Nurse Ratchets authority. He suffers from paranoia and harassment from the black workers and Nurse Ratchet. The fact that he is frequently put into a room full of hallucinated fog demonstrates his weakness and intention of escaping reality, as he says, They start the fog machine again and its snowing down cold and white all over me like skim milk, so thick I might even be able to hide in it if they didnt have a hold on me. From the quote, one understands that Chief is weak in the inside because he always wants to hide.The fog room in many ways can homelike the relocation of Native American peoples during the 1 asss, as Chief is put into this space without his consent. In fact, Chiefs speechlessness in many ways represents the loss of the Native American voice in American history, and specifically in the process of relocation in the 1950. Both Nurse Ratchet and Chief serve as an important role historically; Nurse Ratchet becomes the symbol of the oppressive government and McCarthy, and Chief represents the Native American in the 1 9505.During the Cold War, many non-white citizens were mor e easily abused and oppressed by government policies. An example would be the Native American. Policy- makers in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, in an attempt to liberate Native Americans from the constraints of federal trust restrictions, passed an act called the Termination Policy of the sass. This was a relocation program that relocated Native American, ranging from eighteen to forty-five years old, to urban areas with federal assistance. Essentially, many Native Americans were forced from their land and their homes into cities without their consent.In addition, the policy would nullify the special minority status that Native American held because of their 389 treaties and agreements made with the United States between 1778 and 1871 (Termination and Relocation). Furthermore, the three black orderlies treat Chief very badly. Even though Chief appears to be a strong man, they bully him as much as they can. For example, they stick a mop in my hand and motion to the spot they aim for me to clean today/ (Cuckoos Nest P. 11). Also, they make fun of him by calling him Chief Broom (Cuckoos Nest P. 1 1).Moreover, they eat the breakfast that is supposed to be for Chief and lock him in seclusion. It is interesting to note about the relationship between Chief and the black workers. This relationship s interesting in the context of history because it represents in many ways the relationships between Native Americans and African Americans. Despite both groups being heavily oppressed by the government, Native American voices and histories had been silenced much more than African Americans. However, African Americans still faced serious oppression and silencing, but it was not the same as Native Americans.Nurse Ratchets relationship with the black workers and their relationship with Chief all parallel these relationships in history. Nurse Ratchet has control over the workers and Chief, but Chief as character does not speak at all, and the workers to some degree have control over what he does. The fact that they call Chief Chief Broom, force him to wipe the floor, and steal his breakfast demonstrates that they have more power than Chief. Similarly, in history, slavery ended with the Emancipation Proclamation in 1 863 (Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation).So in 1 sass, the African American had more freedom than they had before. But comparing the treatment to African American and to Native American, Native American was treated worse. This is demonstrated in the novel where Chief is bullied by the black orderlies. Another important aspect of Chiefs character in relationship to the government in the sasss is his childhood. His fathers name is Chief Tee Ah Immolation, meaning The Pine That Stands Tallest on the Mountain (The mixed heritage of the Chief).His mother, Mary Louise Broaden, is a white woman who plays a dominant role in the marriage. We can see that because Chiefs last name follows his mother instead of his father. Chief tells the story about his childhood, which he emphasizes that it is one of the elements that weaken him. He says that when the government officials come to speak to his ether about buying the tribes land, he is the only person at home. They ignore him when he tries to talk to them. Later on, his mother also helps some members in the tribe to force Chiefs father to sell the land.His fathers powerlessness implicitly effect Chief in his childhood, causing Chief to become even weaker in the mental ward. The fact that the white government officials ignore him demonstrates that the whites systemically had more power than other races. In addition, Chiefs mother plays a dominant role in her marriage also explains that in reality, white Americans wield more power Han the Native American. Essentially, most government officials in the sass were white, thus had the most power in the U. S. They were able to relocate the Native Americans to their cities with just the termination policy. Also, they forced the Native Americans to sell their tribe lands for government usage. This illustrates that they dominated Native American freedom. Chief represents not only the public, who are controlled by the Government and McCarthy, but also the Native American people. From the historical background, one can see that the government forced the Native American onto a life that was not their own without taking into consideration their thoughts and feelings.Relocation of the Native Americans has consistently been happening throughout American history, but Once Hew Over the Cuckoos Nest specifically deals with Native Americans in the cuss. This can be seen in Chiefs childhood and the time when he is in the mental institution. Overall, Keys novel One Flew Over Cuckoos Nest serves as a strong commentary on the governments control over the people during the 1 sass. As we can see through the character of Nurse Ratchet, Keyes directly talks bout the domination Of government in the 1 sass.

police brutality 101 essays

police brutality 101 essays In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse, has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and receipt of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens rights are taken advantage of by police. For these problems, solutions will be discussed, focusing on political reform, education, and citizen review boards. These measures are necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. Because of this significant differential, all citizens must take affirmative action from physical brutality, rights violations, and information abuse. Problems arise, however, when one side is to ld what to do by another, as there is bound to be conflicting viewpoints. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, and that worrying about excessive policy for abusive behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. Citizens, however, have been caught up in this gung-ho attitude, and police are more and more often crossing the line of investigation and interrogation with abusive behavior. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are serving-not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. All citizens must be aware of these rights to protect themselves against over-aggressive officers who take advantage of their position as bad...

Selenium and vitamin E deficiency as risk factors for animals' Research Proposal

Selenium and vitamin E deficiency as risk factors for animals' infertility, epidemiological evaluation - Research Proposal Example Saudi Arabia is among the largest producers of beef meet in the world because of the extensive livestock projects in the country. However, effective production in the country is limited by the prevalence of infertility cases among the livestock. In addition, most farmers in Saudi Arabia rely on the traditional approaches of livestock, which hinders effective disease prevention and cure in the livestock. Livestock farming in Saudi Arabia entails cattle, sheep, camel and goat. The farmers supply their products to various industries in the country for processing and export. Most of the animal products in the country have poor quality because of the poor livestock production and upkeep techniques used by the farmers. Infertility among livestock in Saudi Arabia limits the growth of the farming sector in the country. In addition, the Saudi Arabian government is implementing various initiatives to control the rate of infertility in the country (Al-Khamees, 2010). Deficiency of particular minerals in the diet of the livestock leads to infertility conditions. Selenium and Vitamin E are essential elements that are essential in controlling infertility in livestock in various countries across the world. The minerals and vitamins are incorporated in different animal feeds in order to promote hormonal balance and strength of the uterus (Andrews, 2004). Deficiency of Vit E and se in the livestock causes Brucellosis in the livestock, which leads to infertility. In this case, the animals fail to retain the pregnancy for the normal period. Moreover, the occurrence of stillbirths among the animals increases rapidly because of the effects of the disease on the animals reproductive system. Cases of infertility due to Brucellosis effects in Saudi Arabia are on the rise because of the poor agricultural techniques used in the country. The initiatives to introduce modern techniques of farming in

Social Media Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Media Marketing Plan - Assignment Example III. Social Branding / Identity Recognition / Online Presence A. Social media platforms. 1. Company website According to Li and Bernoff (2011), using social media starts with having a well designed modern website. As of now, Lips-to-Go does not have a business website. This is a big setback for Lips-to-Go’s online strategy and the business should consider having a well designed website. Lips-to-Go will design a website and use it to advance its business. While the social media is a good platform for Lips-to-Go to have an online presence, most social media don’t give the users as much control as the business would require with regard to sharing information about the firm (Kabani, 2013). In this regard, a well designed website should be developed which will help the firm have a well branded online presence. The website will be the heart of the online branding for Lips-to-Go while the social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube will be anchored to the webs ite and act as a complement for the website. The website will also be used for other promotional activities such as online ordering etc. 2. Facebook. a) Lips-to-Go has a Facebook page which was established a while ago. The Facebook account is used to post various messages regarding Lips-to-Go, posting photographs of the various kinds of dishes which Lips-to-Go serves, etc. b) Although Lips-to-Go has been having this account for a long time, there is an indication of lack of consistent activity, maintenance and management of the account. Lips-to-Go seems to only update its Facebook status only once in a while and fails to engage its subscribers with daily updates. Lips-to-Go should come up with a strategy which will make it... This essay describes the social media merketing plan for the Lips-to-Go restaurant. The researcher concluds that Lips-To-Go will need to develop a new and well planned online presence plan. Social media is becoming such a serious issue with regard to businesses managing their image and their interactions with the public that most businesses are taking it a notch higher by hiring a whole team of professionals to manage their social media platforms. Lips-to-Go should not be left behind in this because if fails, its competitors will beat it on this end, and this could have dire consequences on the future of the business. In line with this, it is important for Lips-to-Go to hire at least one professional and experienced online relations employee who will be dedicated in helping to ensure that that the business is able to manage its online presence and image. This will include making sure that Lips-to-Go has a sleek and technically sound website which is well maintained. The online relati ons human resource will also be mandated with the responsibility of making sure that all the social media platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, and Yelp are well managed by updating and uploading content on a daily basis. It also stated by the researcher that for the more dynamic platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, the updates will need to be done a number of times a day by a special employee. For YouTube platform, the video uploads may be done on a daily basis but ensuring regularity and consistency.