Discovery of the Dinosaur with the Fossilized Heart :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Discovery of the Dinosaur with the Fossilized HeartDinosaur fossils are adept of the a few(prenominal) ways in which scientists can study the history of life on earth millions of years ago. Each new discovery is unique in its avouch way and provides valuable education about the past. No two finds are exactly identical therefore, when dinosaur remains are uncovered, the possibility and excitement of new information or even a new species exists. Until the year 2000, no dinosaur has ever been found with a fossilized heart. Scientists at North Carolina State University and the North Carolina Museum of raw(a) Sciences discovered a sixty-six million year old Thescelosaurus with a heart.The Thescelosaurus was a bird-hipped dinosaur or an ornithischian ( Russell 2). This herbivore lived near the end of the Cretaceous period, about one million years before the conclusion of the dinosaur era. Thescelosaurus was about the size of a short-legged pony, gibe to paleontologist Dr. Dal e Russell and was native to North America from Wyoming up to Alberta, Canada.This particular Thescelosaurus was discovered in Harding County, northwestern South Dakota in 1993. It has been estimated to weigh nearly 663 pounds and thirteen feet long. The remains were located in a poorly consolidated channel of sandstone, heart-to-heart in the upper half of the Hell Creek Formation (Fisher 2). Scientists have named this discovery Willo, after the wife of the rancher on whose property it was found. The discovery of Willo is unique because it is the scratch line dinosaur with a fossilized heart. However, this was just the beginning of an extraordinary find. Not only does this specimen have a heart, but computer enhanced images of its chest strongly suggest it is a four-chambered, double-pump heart with a single systemic aorta, more like the heart of a mammal or bird than a reptile, according to Dr. Dale Russell. Russell is a paleontologist at North Carolina State University an d a senior research curator at the N.C. Museum of Natural Sciences. This discovery is unusual because all red-brick reptiles, except the crocodile, contain a single ventricle that pumps blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. All modern reptiles have paired systemic aortas developing from the ventricle, which distributes the blood to the body. In contrast, the four chambered heart of modern birds and mammals has two completely separated ventricles and a single systemic aorta, ensuring that only completely oxygenated blood is distributed to the body (Fisher 2).

The Song of Evils Powerful Domination Essay --

All songs have different morals and people will have different opinions on what their consequence means. One of my favorite songs Step by Vampire Weekend has great meaning to it. The song is about moving along in sustenance, stepping forward into it and inveterate on because you cant go back. My favorite lyric in the song, Wisdoms a gift, but youd trade it for youth, age is an honor - its still not the truth significes someone againg becoming wiser and experienced. But they would instead give up what theyve learned in order to be young again. It also mentions no guarentee of becoming wiser just because theyre againg. Everytime I perceive to it, I feel as if Im learning something I didnt know before which is why it means so much to me. Dont you ever imagine what songs really mean, and how they inductive reasoning peoples emotions in either a sad, happy, nostalic, etc. way? After reading The Pearl by John Steinbeck Ive gotten a new perspective on how songs make for to situations .Ive thought about how The Song of the Family, The Song of Evil and The Song of The Pearl reflected the novel, and came into thinking that The Song of Evil dominated the book. It had many crucial turning points which make conflict rise in order to keep the story at a smooth pace. Coyotito might die if enough of the poison had got in (Steinbeck 6). This quotation is stating that Kinos son is in danger, leaving the family at risk. When my cousin was battling her cancer there wasnt any medication to make it leave, so all my family did was hope that shed get break down before the situation got worse. ... So the doctor knew, he said,... for his mind was hard and suspicious and he was remembering the white powder. Juana rocked from side to side and moaned out t... ...ino because he admires it so much. Same with drugs people who desire them continuously get the worse in return. Dont you think some things people are passionate about always get an unpleasant outcome?Overall, The Song of Evil overpowered The Song of the Family and The Song of the Pearl. It provided suspension, detail, and conflict in order to keep the story steady. The Song of Evil prevented Kinos wishings, build great structure into the novel. It also appears as if Steinbeck ended the book with a great moral, just like songs tend to have, right? Steinbeck writes on how posessions can shine advantage of people in this case the pearl and Kino. I enjoyed this book because it shows the dark side of things people admire and how they can easily turn their life down. Wealth is able to make someone happy, but may have downsides which leads into living an unpleasant life.

The Rate of Reaction Of Metals with Acids :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The Rate of Reaction Of Metals with AcidsIntroductionIn this investigation I leave alone be looking at the rate of reactionbetween a metal, which will be magnesium ribbon, and an social disease. Theacids will either be hydrochloric, ethanoic, sulphuric or phosphoricacid. I will be bugger offing out if the activation energy changes dependingon whether a strong or weak acid is used. I will also be investigatingwhether or not there is a change in the say of reaction if a dibasicacid is used instead of a monobasic acid. planThis investigation is therefore split up into separate experiments.Experiment 1 is to find the activation energy for the reactionsbetween hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon, then ethanoic acid andmagnesium ribbon. The only way to find the activation energy is to prison term how long it takes for the reaction to complete at differenttemperatures. Experiment 2 is to find the order of reaction betweenmagnesium ribbon and hydrochloric acid, then sulphuric acid. Th ere areseveral methods that can be used to find the order of reaction I could use an excess of magnesium ribbon and note down how much gas has evolved every 10 seconds until the reaction has finished. I could recur the same procedure as above, but with an excess of acid instead of magnesium ribbon. I could use an excess of acid and change the concentration, this would not strike the reaction to be completed so I would have to time how long it takes for a set amount of hydrogen gas to form.There are several chemical equations that are relevant to thisinvestigation-Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4 + H2(g)Mg(s) + 2CH3CO2H(aq) Mg(CH3CO2)2(aq) + H2(g)3Mg(s) + 2H3PO4(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(aq) + 3H2(g)In my experiments I will not be using phosphoric acid due to timerestrictions and it is not relevant to the problems I am discussing,because it is a tribasic acid and I am comparing monobasic and dibasicacids.The equation needed to find the activation energy in a r eaction iscalled the Arrhenius equation.In k = constant EA/R (1/T)Where k = rate constantEA = activation energy (J mol)R = gas constant, 8.31 J K molT = temperature in KelvinInitial Problems- The time restriction makes it extremely hard to find the order of reaction by time how long it takes for all the magnesium to disappear.- I do not want to directly heat acid as this is dangerous when only

Huffman Trucking Telephony Systems Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis

APhysical Location Background Huffman Trucking has offices paired with plants in four states California, Missouri, saucy Jersey, and Ohio. Huffman has grown two organic onlyy and through acquisition. The tremendous growth experienced by the company has also shined the light on virtu anyy growing pains. individually of the four locations suck in independently managed networks including telephony which has endinged in disconnected systems that require independent investment for upgrades, support, and maintenance and lacks the ability to leverage investments across the organization. The end result includes multiple patented telephony platforms and entrances that leave the organization unable to reduce overhead cost in this area. There is some good news ground in some levels of common platforms among several locations. The focus of this paper leave behind be to identify the common strengths regarding the types of systems, define the physical extent of the systems, and des cribe the run available. In supplement opportunities to leverage existing investments and reduce cost will be identified. BNetwork Commonality and VarianceAccording to the network diagrams provided for each facility by Huffman there are some consistencies among the various facilities. The Missouri and Ohio office locations currently have an Avaya Digital Phone System installed that communicates through the routine of a token-ring. as well as the Missouri and Ohio plant locations have commonality by employing a token-ring to enable communication of several analog handset terminals to a mainframe. In the plant all of the phones also communicate through the token-ring without the benefit of any type of digital phone system. Other consistencies, albeit to a lesser extent, ca... ... manage all types of digital communication. Huffman would read to consider how much depreciation has occurred for each of the current hardware assets (ie. PBXs, handsets, etc) by location in order to identify a phased come near that would minimize break and maximize savings potential. For example, if a PBX at the Missouri office has recently been purchased and has several years before being fully depreciated accordingly the company may want to consider prioritizing another facility first. Certain components such as scanners will still require a analog TDM gateway which means this will have to be considered in any proposed network design. IIReferences VoIP. (n.d.). The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Retrieved May 28, 2007, from Dictionary.com website http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/VoIP Huffman Trucking telephony Systems Analysis Essay -- Business AnalysisAPhysical Location Background Huffman Trucking has offices paired with plants in four states California, Missouri, New Jersey, and Ohio. Huffman has grown both organically and through acquisition. The tremendous growth experie nced by the company has also shined the light on some growing pains. Each of the four locations have independently managed networks including telephony which has resulted in disconnected systems that require independent investment for upgrades, support, and maintenance and lacks the ability to leverage investments across the organization. The end result includes multiple proprietary telephony platforms and gateways that leave the organization unable to reduce overhead cost in this area. There is some good news found in some levels of common platforms among several locations. The focus of this paper will be to identify the common strengths regarding the types of systems, define the physical extent of the systems, and describe the services available. In addition opportunities to leverage existing investments and reduce cost will be identified. BNetwork Commonality and VarianceAccording to the network diagrams provided for each facility by Huffman there are some consistencies amon g the various facilities. The Missouri and Ohio office locations currently have an Avaya Digital Phone System installed that communicates through the use of a token-ring. Similarly the Missouri and Ohio plant locations have commonality by employing a token-ring to enable communication of several analog handset terminals to a mainframe. In the plant all of the phones also communicate through the token-ring without the benefit of any type of digital phone system. Other consistencies, albeit to a lesser extent, ca... ... manage all types of digital communication. Huffman would need to consider how much depreciation has occurred for each of the current hardware assets (ie. PBXs, handsets, etc) by location in order to identify a phased approach that would minimize disruption and maximize savings potential. For example, if a PBX at the Missouri office has recently been purchased and has several years before being fully depreciated then the company may want to consider prioritizing another facility first. Certain components such as scanners will still require a analog TDM gateway which means this will have to be considered in any proposed network design. IIReferences VoIP. (n.d.). The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Retrieved May 28, 2007, from Dictionary.com website http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/VoIP

Why We Are Lonely :: essays research papers

Intolerance is human nature quite a little who argon different from or weaker than the normare victims of intolerance and become isolated and lonely. Those who are in thenorm are expected to be strong and not show their feelings. In Of Mice And Men, byJohn Steinbeck, the social power group is the white, priapic workers on the farm.They are younger men, still useful, reasonably intelligent, and average-sized. Theyexclude people who do not fit their norm, such as Curley for being short, Lennie forbeing retarded, candy for being old, Crooks for being black, and Curleys wife forbeing a woman. Between themselves, they expect strength, distance andindependence, and are uncomfortable with emotions. This intolerance and isolationcause loneliness for either the characters in this novel.This social power group oppresses and isolates Curley, Lennie and glass over becausethey are different, even though they are white. Lennie is very strong and big but hismind is analogous a childs, so the men dont respect him as an equal. For example,George explains to Slim that he, "Used to play jokes on Lennie cause he was toodumb to take administer of imself"(p. 40). Lennie does not take part in the activities theworkers do in their spare time. Lennie does not go to town with the men. In Weed,Lennie gets in trouble because the people dont run across his problem. They reactwith anger instead of understanding. George explains to Slim, "Cause he aintmean....like what happened in Weed-"(p. 40). Candy is afraid that he will havenowhere to go soon because he is old "I wont have no place to go, an I cant getno jobs." (p. 60) Candy knows that society doesnt value or care about people whocant work. Society ejects them because they are no longer useful. Carlson showsthis when he says about Candys dog, " He aint no equitable to you, Candy. An he aintno good himself. Whynt you shoot him, Candy? (p. 44). Candy knows he is likehis dog an old man is almost useless . He knows how they will discard them hes nolonger useful "They says he wasnt no good to himself nor nobody else. When theycan me here I wisht somebody shoot me." (p. 60) Curley feels excluded fromsociety because he is too short. He hates big men because big men mechanically getinto the social power group. Candy comments to George that "Curleys like a lot oflittle guys. He hates big guys. Hes alla time picking scraps with big guys.

Why We Are Lonely :: essays research papers

Intolerance is human nature people who are contrary from or weaker than the normare victims of intolerance and become isolated and lonely. Those who are in thenorm are expected to be strong and non essay their feelings. In Of Mice And Men, byJohn Steinbeck, the social power group is the white, male workers on the farm.They are younger men, still useful, reasonably intelligent, and average-sized. Theyexclude people who do not fit their norm, such as Curley for being short, Lennie forbeing retarded, Candy for being old, Crooks for being black, and Curleys wife forbeing a woman. Between themselves, they expect strength, duration andindependence, and are uncomfortable with emotions. This intolerance and isolationcause loneliness for all the characters in this novel.This social power group oppresses and isolates Curley, Lennie and Candy becausethey are different, even though they are white. Lennie is very strong and big but hismind is like a childs, so the men dont respect him as an equal. For example,George explains to Slim that he, "Used to tactical manoeuvre jokes on Lennie cause he was toodumb to take care of imself"(p. 40). Lennie does not take part in the activities theworkers do in their spare time. Lennie does not go to town with the men. In Weed,Lennie gets in trouble because the people dont understand his problem. They reactwith anger instead of understanding. George explains to Slim, "Cause he aintmean....like what happened in Weed-"(p. 40). Candy is horror-stricken that he bequeath havenowhere to go soon because he is old "I wont have no place to go, an I cant getno jobs." (p. 60) Candy knows that society doesnt value or care about people whocant work. Society ejects them because they are no longer useful. Carlson showsthis when he says about Candys dog, " He aint no good to you, Candy. An he aintno good himself. Whynt you shoot him, Candy? (p. 44). Candy knows he is likehis dog an old man is almost useless. He knows h ow they will discard them hes nolonger useful "They says he wasnt no good to himself nor nobody else. When theycan me here I wisht somebody shoot me." (p. 60) Curley feels excluded fromsociety because he is too short. He hates big men because big men automatically getinto the social power group. Candy comments to George that "Curleys like a lot of itty-bitty guys. He hates big guys. Hes alla time picking scraps with big guys.

Las 432 †Genetically Modified Foods Essay

It has been determined that GMOs ar made up of plants, animals, viruses and bacteria that are created in laboratories. Scientist started experimenting with GMOs in the early 1950s with investigation of plants desoxyribonucleic acid. In the 1970s scientist real the stolon constituenttic aloney engineered organism. By the early 1990s biotechnology had expanded on fruit of GM forages to the public, but this brought fourth concerns. There are also those who believe that the laws and regulations that are attributed to genetically modified nutriments suck been influenced by means of both the media and political aspects.These influences cast brought about worries to GM nutrition for thought consumers and they started comparing the similarities and differences in natural foods and GM foods. Consumers want to k this instant what GM food products they have consumed and get out be informed of any affects that may be acquired with inlet. Not only are at that place consumer challenges that must(prenominal) be faced with these technological experimentations, but also the impacts that may be develop environmentally or effects that may incur with nature and wild flavour. Some societies are worried about how the rich go out prosper and the poorer countries go forth suffer and possibly go hungry.Some religions and groups protest eating genes and do not want to consume such un-natural foods and other concerns s trough the unknown effects on human allergies and transfer of antibiotic resistance to intestine bacterial flora or pathogenic bacteria in our bodies. Genetically Modified Organisms in victuals Thesis Consumers today have a right to know if genetically modified foods are harmful to our health, the environment and our economy. In order to be able to answer these questions more(prenominal) look for unavoidably to be d iodine. Summary Controversy almost genetically modified foods is becoming big radicals and sort through volumes of informat ion can be intimid(prenominal)ating.The public is asking a lot of questions about GM foods and they are also raising concerns about the effects these foods may have on their health or the environment. There are different advantages and disadvantages of GM foods, although to what extent they can help or harm military personnel and the environment is a debatable aspect of this technology. The time has come to look at the decisions that we make about genetic engineering in food crops and if it will have permanent consequences on our food production capacity.Are genetically modified foods putting us at a crossroads in name of the agricultural legacy that we will leave lowlife for our children and grandchildren? Modern technology has given us the ability to go beyond take onive raising. Organisms can now be modified by move genes from one species to another and by introducing synthetic genetic material into their genomes. Humans no longer simply select from variations present in the population they create juvenile variations Some run a venture our new power exciting.They dream of crops with greater resistance to disease and insect pests, pigs with estimable fats, and a level of agricultural production sufficient to feed everyone on the planet. Others fear that we have crossed an important boundary and are now tinkering with musical accompaniment systems that we lowstand incompletely. They question our ability to predict the consequences of our actions and are afraid that we may disrupt the delicate natural order. GMO Technology I. What Are GMOs? GMOs (genetically modified organisms) are plants, animals, viruses and bacteria that are created in the laboratory.Their deoxyribonucleic acid (genes) has been modified through the use of gene splicing techniques in a desire to create new organisms. The technology involves removing the DNA of one species and inserting it into another species, resulting in new and different varieties of plant, animal, viral and ba cterial genes which dont naturally occur in nature or by hybridizing (Smith, 2012, para. 7). Other names for the technology are modern technology or gene technology, genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology, and biotechnology (World wellness Organization (WHO), 2012, para. 2).GMOs are used to create genetically modified plants which in turn are used to create genetically modified crops for human consumption and as animal feed. Developers believe that producers and consumers would be interested in these foods due to their built-in advantages of lower prices, high nutritional value and big(a)iness.The desire is to achieve crops that are insubordinate to spoilage, drought, insects and herbicides. At the outset genetically modified (GM) seed manufacturers envisioned their product macrocosm used by producers, thus they focused on innovations those farmers, and more generally the food industry, would accept and appreciate (WHO, 2012, para.3). WHO states that (2012), the initia l objective for development plants based on GM organisms was to improve crop protection. The GM crops currently on the market are mainly aimed at an increased level of crop protection through the introduction of resistance against plant diseases moved by insects or viruses or through increased tolerance towards herbicides (para. 4). Commodity crops were the First Generation GM crops and included soybean, maize/corn, cotton plant, canola and sugar beets (Schonwald, 2012, p. 26).GM soybeans and canola have permeated the market and can be found in most processed foods, e.g. , spaghetti, candy Schonwald, 2012, p. 25). There was expectation that with the success of first generation crops, biotech specialty crops (produce) would follow, foc victimisation more on consumer tastes. tally to Kent Bradford, director of University of California (UC) at Daviss Seed Biotechnology Center (2012), these crops hadnt been commercialized since 1998 (Schonwald, 2012, p. 26). The author wondered why, and so enlisted the assistance of Kent Bradford for answers on what was going on with bioengineered specialty crops (Schonwald, 2012, p. 26).Bradford and a collaborator, Jamie Miller, found that investigate on specialty crops was underway and had never ceased. The research involved input traits that are important to agriculture such as disease resistance, insect resistance, adaptability to certain environments and output traits that improve taste and texture and could lead to changes in the dining experience of the future (Schonwald, 2012, p. 26). Schonwald says Bradford contends that (2012), There was research on 46 different species with more than 300 traits being tested (p. 26. ). So things were going on at the research level, but the results were not moving forward.Bradford found this was due to regulatory controls. Because of the lack of consumer confidence in transgenic breeding the regulatory process for genetically modified foods was much different than for non-GMO foods. In contrast, foods using classic breeding processes were considered safe for consumption. But GMO foods were guilty until proven innocent (Schonwald, 2012, p. 26). Schonwald reports that (2012), A genetically engineered crop must pass review by the U. S. incision of horticulture (USDA), the environmental Protection Agency, and the food and Drug Administration before it is commercialized.The cost could range from $50,000 to tens of millions of dollars to win regulatory approval. For every transgenic event, the genetic engineer must show exactly what genes went into the plant and how they function, and then prove how the plant makeup has been altered. That research is costly. So is plant storage. Once a transgenic creation is spawned at the shew Transformational Facility, it is whisked to the UC Davis considerled Environment Facility, where it will stay in a tightly secured warehouse. Or it will be airmailed to some other place, where it will live out its life in another intense ly biosecure environment.The process is costly and time-consuming, which partly explains why biotech crop development is largely in the hands of the agribusiness giants the Monsantos, Syngentas, and Bayer restrict Sciences of the military manwho have the resources to undertake the process. With such high approval costs, big companies have favored commodity crops with market potential for hundreds of millions of dollars to sales, not tens of millions ( p. 26) According to Bradford, non-governmental organizations Greenpeace and the marrow of Concerned Scientists were responsible for the stringent governmental handling of the biotech specialty crops.The $20 million organic foods industry labored to stop the proliferation of GMO foods. They did so by casting entry a campaign against GMOs, inundating the USDA with thousands of letters (275,026 to be exact) expressing anti-GMO sentiments. This led to the non-inclusion of GMO foods under the USDAs standards of organic produce (Scho nwald, 2012, p. 27). U. S. Leads in Biotech AgricultureMore than 170 million acres of biotech crops are under cultivation in the United States, more than twice Brazils acreage, which ranks second.Experts credit faster technological advances, more balmy regulations and expanding economic benefits for the U. S. lead. Biotech acreage by Country, 2011 Country Acres (in millions) Biotech crops United States 170. 5 Corn, soybean, cotton, canola, sugar beet, alfalfa, papaya, squash Brazil 74. 9 Soybean, corn, cotton Argentina 58. 6 Soybean, corn, cotton India 26. 2 Cotton Canada 25. 7 Canola, corn, soybean, sugar beet China 9. 6 Cotton, papaya, poplar, tomato, sweet pepper Paraguay 6. 9 Soybean Pakistan 6. 4 Cotton South the States 5. 7 Soybean, corn, cotton Uruguay 3. 2 Soybean, corn.Source Clive James, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops 2011, International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, 2011, p. 2, www. isaaa. org/purchasepublications/itemdescrip tion. asp? ItemType=BRIEFS&Control=IB043-2011 (McClure, 2012, p. 724) Below is a list of tips on how to say no to GMOs Tip 1 Buy Organic Certified organic products cannot intentionally include any GMO ingredients. Buy products labelled 100% organic organic, or made with organic ingredients. You can be doubly sure if the product also has a Non-GMO bewilder Verified Seal (see next tip).Tip 2 Look for Non-GMO Project Seals Products that carry the Non-GMO Project seal are independently verified to be in compliance with North Americas only third party standard for GMO avoidance, including testing of at-risk ingredients. Tip 3 Avoid At-Risk Ingredients Even if its not labeled organic or verified non-GMO, you can still avoid products made with ingredients that are likely derived from GMOs. The eight most common GM food crops are *Corn (as in corn oil, cornmeal, cornstarch, and other corn-based ingredients) *Soybeans (as in soybean oil, soy protein, soy lecithin, soy milk, tofu, and othe r soy-based ingredients).*Canola (as in canola oil) *Sugar beets (the sugar listed on food labels is almost always derived from sugar cane and GM sugar beets) *Most Hawaiian papaya *A minuscular amount of zucchini and yellow-bellied squash *Also, beware of dairy products, which may come from cow injected with GM bovine growth hormone, and meats from animals (including farmed fish) that have been fed GM foods. Instead look for dairy products labeled No rBGH or rBST, artificial hormone-free, or organic wild-caught fish and meat labeled organic or 100% grass-fed. Tip 4 Use Non-GMO obtain Guides.Download either the new Non-GMO Shopping Tips brochure or Non-GMO Shopping Guide at www. nongmoshoppingguide. com in order to help identify, avoid GM foods and find hidden GM ingredients on food labels. If you have an iPhone, download the ShopNoGMO guide for free from the iTunes store. Copyright of Better Nutrition is the property of moldive Interest Media, Inc. and its nitty-gritty may no t be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use (Smith, 2012, p. 14). II.Scientific Techniques and Experiments Various techniques are used to transfer DNA genes into the host cell. Researchers have been perfecting these techniques over the past 40 years. In one technique, target cells are bombarded with heavy metals coated with the gene transferred have been bombarded. Yet another technique transfers genes by using a naturally occurring bacterium along with a pulse of electricity to introduce genes into the targeted cell (McClure, 2012, p. 720). According to McClure (2012), Opponents of GM foods argue that the public should be informed of the techniques used in gene-transferring (p.720).At the Plant Transformation Facility at the UC, Davis more than 15,000 transgenic events have occurred. Transgenic event is the molecular biologists way of describing the blasting of DNA from one life form into another. This building, a short distance from the student union, houses thousands of Petri dishes of microscopic plantlets bathing in pink and fluorescent blue lights. Here biologists use a gas-pump-like tool called the Helium speck Delivery system to mix sexually incompatible species together. They use gold bullets (literally) to fire genes from one species into another in a bombardment chamber.As a result the Davis lab has birthed grapes spiked with jellyfish, tomatoes spiked with carp, transgenic squash, transgenic carrots, and transgenic tomatoes (Schonwald, 2012, p. 25). In Changing Genes to Feed the World, David Pimentel takes a look at one molecular biologists account of plant breeding and the field of genetic engineering of crops. In her book, Mendel in the Kitchen, author Nina Fedoroff compares the contributions of genetically engineered plants with that of early plant breeding research, e. g. , development of hybr id corn, achieved through the transfer of genes within the confines of crop species.This method contributed greatly to the growth of crop yields during the Green Revolution. Specifically, according to Fedoroff (2004), traditional methods of cross breeding were responsible for, 40 portion of the increase in yields. The remaining 60 percent was due to greater inputs in fossil-fuels faculty, fertilizers and pesticides (Pimentel, 2004, paras. 1-2). Crop yields increased greatly during the years 1950-1983. Globally, 80 percent of the calories consumed by humans came from grains, making the Green Revolution an important feeding mechanism for billions of people around the world (Pimentel, 2004, para.2). Though the use of traditional breeding methods greatly increased the yield and quality of crops, these methods were quite slow, in comparison to the advances being made in the field of molecular biology and genetic engineering. Before, breeders were involve to manually manipulate geneti c material within a specific crop to increase yields. Now, through genetic engineering, genes can quickly be transferred from one plant species to another and brought into crops (Pimentel, 2004, para. 3).As more and more genetically modified foods are being integrated into our food systems, there is a need to be able to detect their presence in food products in order to determine if food manufacturers are in compliance with labeling requirements (Yi, Yien-Chian, Foo-Peng Lee, and Nam-Trung, 2009, para. 1). There is a method that allows for the rapid detection of the presence of GMOs in foods and it is called ferrofluid-driven PCR microchip. The microchip was fabricated in polymethyl methacrylate by CO? laser ablation and was integrated with three temperature zones.PCR solution was contained in a circular closed micro channel and was driven by magnetic force generated by an external magnet through a small oil-based ferrofluid plug. Successful amplification of genetically modified soy a and maize were achieved in less than 13 minutes. This PCR microchip combines advantages of cycling flexibility and quick temperature transitions associated with two quick microchip PCR techniques, and it provides a cost saving and less time-consuming way to conduct preliminary screening of GMOs (Yi, Yien-Chian, Foo-Peng Lee, & Nam-Trung, 2009, para.1). History of GMOs I. Biotechnology Chronology 1950s mid-sixties Scientists identify genes and deject investigating the role of DNA in plant development. 1953-American biochemist James Watson and British biophysicist Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA, setting the stage for function the genetic code. 1967-Lenape potato, a new variety bred for making potato chips is withdrawn from experimental production after high levels of toxin are found. 1970s 1980s Scientists begin experimenting with genetic transformation of plants and animals.1973-Scientists create first genetically engineer organism. 1983-Researchers transfer new D NA into plants, leading to the creation of genetically modified crops. 1989-Calene Inc. receives U. S. patent for gene sequence in GM Flavr Savr tomato. 1990s Biotech foods are marketed to the public patronage environmental and health concerns. 1992-FDA decides not to require labeling of most GM foods, sparking mistrust of the technology. 1993-FDA allows cows to be injected with bovine growth hormone (rBGH) made from genetically modified bacteria, setting off consumer protests.1994-FDA approves Flavr Savr tomato, first GM food approved for sale to consumers. 1996-Monsanto introduces Roundup speedy soybeans, first of several popular herbicide-tolerant or insecticide-producing crops. 1998- European Union (EU) halts approvals of new GM crops in what is termed an unofficial moratorium. 2000s Genetically engineered foods face continued criticism despite growing scientific consensus that they do not pose greater safety risks than conventional crops. 2000-Bowing to international demands, U.S. officials agree to label GM commodities for export.Weeds loathly to Roundup discovered in Delaware. Friends of the Earth, a major environmental group, reports that genes from StarLink corn, a GM crop approved only for animal consumption, have been discovered in taco shells. The discovery prompts recalls of corn products and lawsuits, but researchers are unable to document any human health effects. Centers for disease Control study concludes StarLink did not cause supersensitized reactions claimed by 28 people.2002-National Center for Food and Agricultural form _or_ system of government finds that GM crops in the United States produced four billion pounds of additional foods and fiber on the same acreage, improved farm income by $1. 5 billion and reduced pesticide use by 46 million pounds. Monsanto announces it will delay introduction of GM wheat amid concerns from farmers that it will harm exports. 2003-Bollworms resistant to the Bt toxin, an insecticide produced by GM cot ton, discovered in the South. 2004-Under U. S. pressure, EU drops de facto ban on GM crops but institutes compulsory labeling many European stores wont stock GM foods because of consumer fears.2008-Monsanto sells unit that produces rBGH, as major grocers including Wal-Mart, Publix and Kroger decline to sell milk from cows treated with the product. 2010-After clear the sale of GM eggplant, Indias environment minister declares a moratorium on the product because of public outcry. 2011-GM crops are grown on 395 million acres of farming area globally, though more than 90 percent is in just three crops soybeans, corn and cotton. 2012-Anti-GMO groups file petitions containing more than 1 million signatures demanding that the FDA require GM foods to be labeled.Californian vote scheduled for Nov. 6 on ballot initiative requiring labeling for GM foods (McClure, 2012, p. 727). II. Advantages and Disadvantages The people of the United States (U. S. ) have been unknowingly consuming GMO food s since the 1990s. The Food and Drug Administration scientists warned that these new foods had the capability to produce new allergens and toxins and advised that more thorough testing was needed. But the U. S. governments position was that GM foods were equivalent to non-GMO foods and failed to require labeling and testing (Smith, 2012, para, 9).According to the American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM), eating GMO foods contributes to a number of health risks (Smith, 2012),including infertility, immune system issues, intensify aging, disruption of insulin and cholesterol regulation, gastrointestinal issues, and changes in organs (para. 9). AAEM reported that doctors most likely are seeing negative health effects in their patients and may not realize that GMO foods are the culprit. Doctors are urged to prescribe non-GMO diets for all of their patients (Smith, 2012, para. 9). The environment is not exempt from the risks of GMO foods.There is the threat of GMO seeds contamin ating nearby handle of organic and non-GMO crops. Pesticide usage has dramatically increased over the first thirteen years since the GM crops were introduced. Further, high amounts of herbicide usage on GM herbicide resistant crops have caused the development of superweeds that adapt to and withstand your typical herbicides (Smith, 2012, para. 10). On the positive side, genetic engineering offers a wonderful solution to farmers, especially those in developing countries, and that is the opportunity for developing perennial grains.As most grains are annual crops, tilling and replanting of the soil is required every single year. This involves an enormous amount of energy each year, including fossil and human energy and strength. Annual tillage also results in soil erosion. Planting perennial grains would mean that farmers would only need to till and replant every five or six years. This would be a major benefit for farmers in developing countries, as tilling for them involves 400 hour s per hectare, hand-tilling their fields prior to planting their crops.As such, according to the author, plant breeding and genetic engineering will continue to make a tremendous contribution to our food supply (Smith, 2012, para. ). Other advantages of GM foods include disease resistance, cold tolerance, drought resistance, nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and phytoremediation (Whitman, 2012, pp. 2-4). Legal and Political Issues I. Regulations and Laws There have been an abundant number of studies done in the past on American health and safety standards that have demonstrated the inconsistencies of risk sound judgement.Some standards are rather strict and offer few or no benefits in savings lives, preventing diseases or injuries while other standards have been negligent and have placed a considerable amount of lives at risk or harm. It is essentially due to the passage of these standards for which the American regulatory policy making has been implanted. In the past, both Congress and the political appointees who head regulatory agencies have been very susceptible to public opinion and public pressures.As a result, the more the American public is prone to worry about a grouchy risk, the more meticulous American policy-makers are likely to regulate it. Therefore, many of the American regulatory policies, especially those between the mid 1960s through the mid 1980s, were characterized by the triumph of passion over sound science. (Vogel, 2001). In 1984, the Federal Government established a formal policy that is referred to as The Coordinated mannequin for Regulation of Biotechnology. This policy describes the Federal system for evaluating products that have been developed using modern biotechnology.The Coordinated Framework is based upon health and safety laws developed to address specific product classes and involves the cooperation of three federal regulatory agencies the EPA, the USDA, and the FDA. The U. S. Government has written new regulations, policies an d charge to implement these laws for biotechnology as products have developed (United States Regulatory Agencies Unitied Biotechnology Website, 2012). EPA Regulation Under the deadly Substances Control Act (TSCA), the EPA regulates the use of intergeneric microorganisms in commerce or commercial research.The EPA considers intergeneric microorganisms to be those formed from organisms in different genera (genera is the plural of genus, which is a level in a taxonomic classification system based on the relatedness of organisms) or those microorganisms formed with synthetic DNA not from the same genus (Biotechnology Program under the Toxic Substances Control Act, 2012). The EPA believes that inter generic micro organisms have a sufficiently high likelihood of expressing new traits or new combinations of traits to be termed new and warrant EPA review.The Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT), Biotechnology Program conducts a screening program for new microorganisms under sec tion 5 of TSCA. In 1997, the EPA published regulations that fully implement its pre-manufacture program for microorganisms under TSCA section 5. Prior to 1997 the EPA operated its biotechnology program in accordance with the 1986 Policy Statement (Biotechnology Program under the Toxic Substances Control Act, 2012) USDA Regulation. USDA supports the safe and appropriate use of science and technology, including biotechnology, to help meet agricultural challenges and consumer needs of the 21st century. USDA plays a key role in assuring that products produced using biotechnology are safe to be grown and used in the United States. Once these products enter commerce, USDA supports bringing these and other products to the world capacious marketplace (Bitechnology, 2012). The Advisory Committee on Biotechnology and 21st Century Agriculture (AC21) was originally established in February, 2003 and first met in June, 2003.Under its Charter, the committee is charged with examining the long-term impacts of biotechnology on the U. S. food and agriculture system and USDA, and providing guidance to USDA on pressing individual issues, identified by the Office of the Secretary, related to the application of biotechnology in agriculture. The AC21 is a broad-based committee representing a wide range of interests and agricultural expertise (USDA Advisory Committee on Biotechnology & 21st Century Agriculture (AC21), 2012).FDA Regulation In the Federal Register of whitethorn 29, 1992 (57 FR 22984), FDA published its Statement of Policy Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties. The 1992 policy clarified the agencys interpretation of the application of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to human foods and animal feeds derived from new plant varieties and provided guidance to industry on scientific and regulatory issues related to these foods (Genetically Engineereed Plants for Food and Feed, 2012).The 1992 policy applied to all foods derived from all new plant varieti es, including varieties that are developed using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology. This site refers to foods derived from plant varieties that are developed using rDNA technology as bioengineered foods (Genetically Engineereed Plants for Food and Feed, 2012). In the Federal Register of January 18, 2001 (the premarket notification proposal 66 FR 4706), FDA issued a proposed rule that would require that developers submit a scientific and regulatory assessment of the bioengineered food 120 days before the bioengineered food is marketed.In the premarket notification proposal, FDA recommends that developers continue the practice of consulting with the agency before submitting the required premarket notice (Genetically Engineereed Plants for Food and Feed, 2012) The political boss statutes under which the above agencies have been given regulatory or Review authority comes from the following Acts * The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (EPA) * T he Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (EPA) * The Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FFDCA) (FDA and EPA) * The Plant Protection Act (PPA) (USDA)* The Virus Serum Toxin Act (VSTA) (USDA) * The Public Health Service Act (PHSA)(FDA) * The dietetical Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) (FDA) * The Meat Inspection Act (MIA)(USDA) * The Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) (USDA) * The Egg Products Inspection Act (EPIA) (USDA) and * The National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA)(Guide to U. S. Regulations of Genetically Modified Foods and Argricultural Biotechnology Products, 2001) II. Current Political Issues Genetically modified foods have been a concern for many people around the world.In the past Europeans have been the most vocal in their resistance to GM foods and crops, to the point that they have implemented strict labeling requirements for any genetically modified foods sold. In the absence of stronger health and safety data, many national governments across the world h ave taken steps to lessen the existence of GE food within their borders. In Europe, six nations (Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, and Luxembourg) have enacted bans on the cultivation and import of GE products, and nearly 50 nations worldwide require that all GE foods be labeled as such (Dahl, 2012).To date in the United State there have been no mandatory labeling requirements for genetically modified foods. However this may soon change, Americans are now starting to ask questions about what they are eating and suspicions about the health and environmental effects of biotechnology is now behind the demand that foods from genetically modified crops be labeled. The most recent labeling effort that has come to the fore front is the California ballot initiative Proposition 37 called The Right to Know. What is Proposition 37?The California Right to Know Genetically Engineered Food Act is easy The initiative would basically require food that is sold in retail outlets to be labele d if it is produced through genetic engineering, and would not allow these products to be labeled as natural. Prop 37 allows companies 18 months to change their product labels, and allows for the GMO disclosure to appear wherever they choose on the packaging (Facts Yes on Prop 37, 2012). If this initiative passes, California will be the first state to require all foods that have genetically modified crops in them to be labeled.However, there is an opposing side to this Proposition. Those that are against Proposition 37 olfactory sensation that by having to label all foods with genetically engineered crops would mean high food prices due to the cost of re-package existing foods, recordkeeping, or companies being forced to switch to higher priced non-GM foods. The opposing side also states that it would add more government bureaucracy and taxpayers cost, and create frivolous lawsuits (Stop the Deceptive Food Labeling Scheme, 2012).This is one political debate that will have everyon e on the edge of their chairs. III. What are the Possible Health Effects of GM Foods? With so many of our foods today now coming from GM crops, questions are now being asked if there is a health risk from GM foods. The problem is that unlike the safety evaluations that are required for the approval of a new drug, the safety evaluations of genetically engineered foods for human consumption has not been as strict. So what is known about possible health issues from the consumption of GM foods?Scientists from around the world have been complaining that a majority of the research that is being done about the possible side effects of GM foods for human consumption is being conducted by scientists that are associated with the biotechnology companies the same companies that are selling the crops seeds. That and the fact that these studies are being done by the biotechnology companies tend to show that there are no health problems associated with eating GM foods.The problem is this is a one sided research study. One of the biggest problems that independent researchers are facing is that it is extremely hard to get GM seeds in order to conduct any type of research. These seeds can only be purchased through a licensed seed lead and a technology licensing agreement must be signed stating that no research will be done on the seed this includes any research attributed to health and environment.Scientists who have managed to do research on the health impacts of the GM seeds are often harassed, intimidated, and defamed by those with a strong interest in the GM technology. Even with these challenges researcher have managed to conduct medical research on the health effects of GM seeds of these tests the most obvious concern has been the risk of allergic reactions.

Inventory and Alliance Supermarkets

bail Supermarkets has been use a point-of-sale (POS) system for some time to track its inventory. The system uses a laser s keepner to exact the universal product formula (UPC) on separately item at the checkout container. The UPC is a number that uniquely identifies the product on which it appears. Currently, Alliance is using the UPC information to update inventory records for each item. Although the system has greatly improved the companys ability to replenish inventory promptly, the company still has some problems.For example, sudden changes in pray for a particular item can catch the company by surprise as it bases inventory replenishment on historical demand patterns. Further, demand patterns and preferences may vary from one shop class to other depending on the clients served by each, but the inventory system groups all demand information together and treats each store equally. Finally, the manufacturers that make the products stocked by Alliance Supermarkets are alw ays pressuring Alliance to help them target appropriate customers for modified promotions and sales.The chief information officer (CIO) of Alliance realizes that such(prenominal) more could probably be done with the data collected from its POS system. For example, the company could analyze the relationship betwixt each products sales and weather patterns. It is even possible to analyze an individual customers buying habits and identify instances when a customer may be persuaded to punish a different brand of a certain product. Suppose you have been asked to study this situation and suggest possible mod and innovative uses for the information generated by the POS system.Ideally, these ideas should help Alliance better serve its customers by ensuring that adequate quantities of each item are avail adequate, that costs are unploughed low, and that customers are made aware of new products that may interest them. 1. What information may help Alliance reduce costs while providing be tter portion? 2. If purchase information can be obtained on individual customers, what new approach could be employ by Alliance?Your paper should be in paragraph form (avoid the use of bullet points), and supported with the concepts outlined in your text. Do not include the original questions of the assignment in the paper. Carefully canvass the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment. Alliance Analysis The CIO for Alliance Supermarkets desires to make better use of the volume of data retrieved with each sale via the Point of Sale (POS) software that documents the sale of each product as it is bar coded.There are three key issues which the CIO wishes to address 1) be able to respond to sudden, unanticipated inventory demand 2) identify demand patterns that vary from store to store 3) assist the manufacturers to better target customers for special promotions and sales. With the use of POS, Alliance Supermarkets have the ability to track sales of products and reorder them automatically. With this type of information, the manufacturers have ready access to what products have been sold as they are scanned.Scanning the bar code for each product sends a signal to the manufacturers documenting the sale of each item in inventory as the sale occurs. When predetermined levels are reached, an order is set(p) with the manufacturer to replenish the inventory. The POS information can also help manufacturers analyze an individual customers buying habits and identify instances when a customer may be persuaded to try a different brand of a certain product (Vonderembse & White, 2013).Alliance Supermarkets can better serve its customers by having adequate supplies of inventory based upon the ways that the store tracks its inventory. Not only will regular order replenishment of inventory improve customer satisfaction, but it will have the added effect of improving efficiencies and do the best use of capital resources. A perpetual inventor y system of some merchandise such as perishable foods like meat, dairy products, and vegetables can help lower costs through greater efficiencies in processes.By avoiding fund Outs, customers will have the ability to purchase their desired products without inventory costs. Adding Safety Stock to the inventory control plan can also aid Alliance in flexing up for sudden surge demand. Taking advantage of volume discounts is another way that costs can be controlled more efficiently. There is not always a cost savings in buying in volume. Therefore, using the formula of OP = dL can be used to determine an optimum point to reorder. OP = order point. d= daily use, and L = lead time.This helps determine how much advance notice is needed in order for the store not to run out of inventory. (Vonderembse & White, 2013 p. 10. 4) Alliance can also make use of demographic and purchasing decisions based upon POS transactions. Sorting the data individually by each store will help Alliance identify purchasing trends. Orders can be placed specific to each stores demographic. A periodic inventory control system of non perishable items such as dairy products, meat and vegetables could be used to help assess the grocery stores replenishment goals without running out of goods.

Critical Incident – Preconceived Ideas

No names are used in this writing to watch over persevering confidentiality and conform to the data protection act 1998 detailed incidents originated in the United States, Colonel John C Flannagan was a psychologist who worked closely with the Air Force and their procedures for reporting raise concerning effective or ineffective behaviour within different situations (Ghaye 200664-65). Tripp (1993 24-25) claims that faultfinding incidents fall out to be typical preferably than critical at first sight, besides are rendered critical through analysis.Critical incidents grass be either positive or negative They are usually bring forths that stimulate you consider the events that deal happened to try to give them some sort of meaning (Hannigan, 2001). Using a critical incident as a way of reflecting helps individuals identify practice that has been laborsaving or unhelpful in a situation. The value of a critical incident john differ from individual to person it is usually a individualized experience with meaning to an individual, however critical incidents finish be useful for a range of people for example, students, lecturers, service users and the general public.They give an insight into the notionings of the person writing and are often relatable to others. In appendix 1 I oblige described my critical incident. Following this I will explain the immenseness of a critical incident and the effect on practice, in particular how it has influenced my practice as a student sustain. This experience has greatly influenced my training in a number of ways. As a student nurse I believe it is hard to avoid having a preconceived judgement of a forbearing.After receiving a brief description of the patients diagnosis from my mentor, I believed this patient would possibly be frail and sedentary, laid in bed with a lamentable quality of life. However what I was greeted with was the total opposite. This is affected by the patients own judgement of her illness, often receiving a prognosis such as this prompts a dramatic change in the patients lifestyle. It can be argued that this is the hardest part in behaveing a diagnosis is the need to change. In accessing readiness to change, we need to look at the individuals state (Broome 199831).If a particular patient is not ready to adapt their lifestyle it can become difficult for them to come to terms with their diagnosis. Patients unable to come to terms with their diagnosis or patients finding their illness difficult after a goal of time are likely to suffer from depression or anxiety (Reid, et al 2011). However upon visit this patient it was clear to me that this patient was able to look at her diagnosis and had readily accepted the challenge to adapt her lifestyle. To me this seemed like a phenomenal act for her to achieve in such a short blank of time following the diagnosis.Communication is a key aspect of any type of handle, in particular terminal care as the patient in distrust is likely to feel scared and anxious slightly their prognosis. There are a number of different reasons for thisIncluding diagnosis and treatment of their disease, long-term physiological alterations, fears of go along and death, dependence on caregivers, survivor guilt and negative effects on families. (Groenwald et al 1992 580)Communication should be an equal conversation that allows both the nurse and patient to embroil what they need to say.For a nurse it is important to listen to a patient as developing a therapeutic relationship will often make the patient feel more open to discussion about their feelings and concerns. The therapeutic relationship facilitates the ability for a patient to achieve their desired state of supreme health (Brooker, and Waugh, 2007236 Kozier, et al 201295-97) Patients should be able to freely express their beliefs, values and concerns in a non-judgemental and supportive way (Barker 201031).A therapeutic relationship is essential in developing trust b etween a patient and nurse and is fundamental for care with service users such as my patient. A therapeutic relationship can be described as one that allows for the meeting of nursing needs to the mutual satis pointion of a nurse and patient (McQueen 20009). This should reduce anxiety and may allow the patient to feel more comfortable in addressing any concerns surrounding the prognosis. This incident has make me think about the barriers to communication and the effects they can have on other staff members, patients and their families. Understanding the potential problems allows us to better understand how something might be able to work more expeditiously (Ellis 201188). There are a number of barriers to communication for example physical barriers such as a door organism closed, perceptual barriers for example termination into a conversation thinking that the person isnt going to understand or be interested in what you are going to say. Emotions can excessively be barriers to co mmunication as well as cultural, gender, interpersonal and intellectual (Kozier et al 201246).I believe my patient may have had emotional barriers to communication with the nurse and myself. She had already accepted her diagnosis and her decision not to converse with us about her condition may indicate that it was difficult for her to discuss it with others, disrespect being comfortable with it herself. The fact that the patient was comfortable with her illness made me think about the definition of health. My patient had said she felt healthy and therefore to her, despite having an illness, she didnt consider herself as unhealthy.The World wellness Organisation (WHO) describes the definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and brotherly well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO 1948 Kozier et al 20126) although this is the most comm unaccompanied used definition for health, seeing this patient take me to review its significance. The pati ent I saw clearly didnt view this definition to be the same as her meaning of health. Health differs for every individual, my patient felt well and therefore in her opinion she was healthy.It is understandable that she didnt want to be continually reminded of her cancer, it was enough that her independence had been reduced due to the fact the nurses were coming into her home in the first place. My mentor and I decided to respect the patients wishes and allow her to come to us when she felt she would like to talk rather than forcing her to speak to us, we arranged to keep nurse interaction with this patient to a minimum so she could retain some normality in her life. Patients are made aware that they have the right to choose, accept or decline treatment and these decisions are respected and supported. (NICE Guidelines 2012) It was at this point I began to understand the value of concordance. McKinnon (201169) states a partnership of equals on which care plan is negotiated, concordanc e enables patients to not only make decisions about their care, but to work in parallel with the health care professionals towards a mutually agreed outcome. It could have been easy for my mentor to disregard the patients wishes and focus solely on her wound care and call for her to simply comply as the nurses are considered to be the experts, however her feelings were recognised and her autonomy wishes were responded to.My mentor displayed an excellent example of holistic care according to Linsley (2011273), who states that nurses have to be aware of the social, environmental and psychological aspects of health and not solely physical signs and symptoms of an illness. Before meeting this patient, I didnt realise how daunting the experience of health care professionals can be, I had always wrongly presumed people would be happy to receive care to make them feel better, however in this instance it has proved to me that not everyone has this view.It has enabled me to think about my role as a student nurse and it has made me reflect on so umpteen different aspects of good nursing care, from communication and concordance to holistic care. Before my interaction with this patient, I didnt understand just how important it was for patients to have their say. I couldnt help but wonder if I had been the registered nurse in that situation, would I have been task orientated and wanted to get the job through rather than taking into consideration the patients wishes? As a first year student I am aware of my limitations and understand that I have a lot to learn.I thought about how I would feel if I was in the patients situation and of course Id want to be involved in the decisions made concerning my care. The experience with this patient has enabled me to develop as a student nurse, and will inform my practice throughout the whole of my career. see first hand such a good example of concordance and holistic care from my mentor has given me a great platform to ass my lear ning experiences on. References Barker, J (2010) Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses. London Sage Publications Ltd. Berman, A. Erb, G. Harvey, S. Kozier, B.Morgan-Samuel, H. and Snyder, S (2012) Fundamentals of care for Concepts, process and practice. Harlow Pearson. Broome, A. (1998) Managing Change. Hampshire Macmillan Press Ltd. Ellis, P. (2010) Evidence-based practice In breast feeding. Exeter accomplishment Matters Ltd. Ghaye, T. and Lillyman, S. (2006). Learning journals and Critical Incidents. 2nd ed. Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan. Groenwald, S. Goodman, M. Hansen Frogge, M. and Henke Yarbro, C (eds. ) (1992) Comprehensive Cancer Nursing Review. Sudbury Jones and Bartlet publishers Inc. Linsley, P. Kane, R. and Owen, S. eds) Nursing for Public Health Promotion, Principles, and Practice, Oxford University Press. McKinnon, J. (2011) The nurse-patient relationship in Linsley, P. Kane, R. and Owen, S. (eds) Nursing for Public Health Promotion, Principles, and Practice, Oxford Uni versity Press, pp. 64-74. McQueen A. (2000). Nurse-patient relationship and partnership in hospital care. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 9 (5) 723-731. Reid, A. Ercolano, E. Schwartz, P. and McCorkle, R (2011) The Management of Anxiety and Knowledge of Serum CA-125 After an Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 15 (6), online, Available from http//web. ebscohost. com. proxy. library. lincoln. ac. uk/ehost/detail? sid=7e50352a-778c-4db4-be37-388bb618120d%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=c8h&AN=2011371794 Accessed 26th February 2013. Tripp, D. (1993) Critical Incidents in Teaching, Developing Professional Judgement. Routledge London. NICE Guidelines (2012) Supporting patient choice online National Health Service online. Available from http//www. nice. org. k/guidance/qualitystandards/patientexperience/SupportingPatientChoice. jsp accessed 3rd February 2013. Nursing Times (2004) Reflective thinking turning a critical incident int o a topic for research online London, Nursing Times online. Available from http//www. nursingtimes. net/reflective-thinking-turning-a-critical-incident-into-a-topic-for-research/200145. article Accessed 3rd february 2013. World Health Organisation (1948) World Health Organisation Definition of Health online New York, World Health Organisation Online. Available from http//www. ho. int/about/definition/en/print. html Accessed 1st March 2013. Bibliography Barker, J (2010) Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses. London. Sage Publications Ltd. Barrat, D, Wilson B, and Woollands, A (2012) Care planning A guide for nurses. Second edition. Harlow. Pearson Education Ltd. Benner, P. (1984) From Novice to Expert, Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice. Menlo Park Addison Wesley. Berman, A. Erb, G. Harvey, S. Kozier, B. Morgan-Samuel, H. and Snyder, S (2012) Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, process and practice. Harlow Pearson.Brooker, C. and Waugh, A. (eds. ) (2007) Nursing Practice Fu ndamentals of Holistic Care. Philadelphia Elsevier. Broome, A. (1998) Managing Change. Hampshire Macmillan Press Ltd. Ellis, P. (2010) Evidence-based practice In Nursing. Exeter Learning Matters Ltd. Ghaye, T and Lillyman, S. (2006). Learning journals and Critical Incidents. 2nd ed. Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan. Groenwald, S. Goodman, M. Hansen Frogge, M. and Henke Yarbro, C (eds. ) (1992) Comprehensive Cancer Nursing Review. Sudbury Jones and Bartlet publishers Inc. McQueen A. (2000).Nurse-patient relationship and partnership in hospital care. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 9 (5) 723-731. Tripp, D. (1993) Critical Incidents in Teaching, Developing Professional Judgement. Routledge London. (Appendix 1) During placement I have managed to gain experience with terminal cancer patients. When you go into a patients house, I feel you cant help but have a preconceived idea of the type of patient you are about to meet. I was surprised when visiting one patient, as I was told before I entered the home that the patient had terminal epithelial ovarian cancer. This type of ovarian cancer arises from a cancerous transformation of the ovarian surface epithelium, how this transformation occurs is unknown. (Groenwald et al, 1992 466-467) When I met this patient I was unsure of what I would discover. I expected a woman that was going to appear physically ill and I imagined her to be like all the other patients I had seen with terminal cancer. To my surprise we found her sitting in her conservatory tuition the newspaper looking well, she was dressed appropriately and had her hair and makeup done.The patient seemed genuinely happy and didnt meet any of the previous preconceptions I had when I was originally told about her. We were there to change a fluid bag from the patients abdomen and support the patient if she had any concerns about her illness. This is the only thing the nurses do for this patient, her partner, with some help from the Macmillan emergency care team complete the rest of her care. This patient had a persistent disease that couldnt be controlled. She had previously been treated with chemotherapy to try and eliminate the cancer however this had been unsuccessful.The patient had then decided along with the healthcare professionals, to withdraw treatment and only accept pain relief and support. The staging of ovarian cancer is based on surgical evaluation and forms the basis of subsequent therapy. (Groenwald et al, 1992 466-467) The district nurse has only just become involved in her care, currently she is 5 months into her diagnosis. When the nurse and I tried to speak to the patient about her illness and how she was feeling, she seemed reluctant to talk about it. The patient decided she felt well in herself and didnt want to be reminded of her illness, she went on to explain that she had already

Inter-Cultural Interview Essay

Living in the United States was somewhat polar from how was in my country of origin. I found numerous differences, although there were also some similarities. For one, the weather here is definitely colder than in my country. In addition to this, the people in the United States be non overpopulated, nor are the houses crowded. At some point, a sense of independence was also inculcated in my mind. I learned how to look after myself while world appreciative of my roots. interviewer From what country are you from? Interviewee I am from the Philippines, and so is my whole family. We move here when I was six years old.Interviewer Can you tell me something almost the civilisation that you grew up in? Interviewee I grew up in a culture that gave much importance to family and take to be for one anformer(a). Furthermore, it was important to be weedy knit with each other. For every problem faced by each member of our family, we were all there to show some love and support. Each ce lebration was attended by almost all the members of the family. nary(prenominal)-attendance was inexcus open, with each one sharing their own sentiments. Interviewer How was your childhood like knowing that your race was different from that of your peers?Interviewee Honestly, I did not check difficulty adjusting. I grew up like any other individual, and I was able to adapt the environment I was deportmenttime in. When I moved to the United States, my parents introduced to us a new world that we were unaware off. I must say that not much difficulty was experienced because we also rung English at home. In addition to this, my friends never took my race against me. At some point, I remember growing up to the occurrence that they were asking close some important things nigh my culture. Interviewer How was your relationship with your family?Interviewee As I mentioned earlier, I grew up in a closely knit family. I was raised to respect the needs of my elders and al directions take into consideration the feelings of others. In so doing, I also grew up knowing that talking negatively of family members was wrong, and would be accounted for such actions. Furthermore, Sundays were ofttimes spent with family members, and dinner was the most important meal in the family. Regardless of how busy we may be, we had to eat dinner all together. This was our chance to talk about what happened with us all throughout the day.In addition to this, it was our belief that we would take care of the elderly members of the family, and those who have fallen ill. Sending them off to convalescent homes was not an option for us, for it was our obligation as children to care for our parents. Interviewer Did you have any difficulty with religion? If yes, how did you deal with it? Interviewee I must say that I did not have difficulty with religion. Since my family was close, I was opened to the Roman Catholic norms. We even have religious idols strategically positioned in the different p arts of the house as a sign of respect for the religion.Furthermore, this did not even be father a reason for me to neither doubt myself nor be affected in any manner. Interviewer What do you regain is the superlative factor that differentiates you from your peers? Interviewee In terms of intellectual capacity, I must say that there is not much difference. We are all presumption the said(prenominal) quality and quantity of education in school. However, we only differ from the different perceptions formed and inculcated in our minds when we were younger. One difference that I see with others is the fact that I always had to take the feelings and thoughts of my parents in consideration.As part of the Filipino culture, we were not allowed to answer our parents nor disrespect them in any manner. This was in contrast to how other parents were case-hardened by their children. Whenever we disrespect our parents or elders, we were reprimanded and given some punishments. Interviewer In terms of speech communication, did you feel at any point that there was a barrier? Interviewee No. I did not feel that any barrier was formed in any part of my life. However, I felt advantageous for I was also unruffled in my familys language, which was Filipino. In some manner, I felt at home and at ease with my family with the use of the language.In addition to this, the act itself was a way for us to live our cultural heritage despite the fact that we were not in the Philippines. Furthermore, I grew up in the United States, making me silverish in English as well. It is sometimes funny to think about how others would become impressed with the way I can speak two languages fluently. Interviewer When traffic with peers, did you feel at some point that you were different from everyone else? Interviewee No, I did not feel different. Regardless of our differences in belief, I believe that we were all geared towards the rise of society.We were given the corresponding kind of infor mation and were taught equally in school. As I mentioned earlier, we all have our differences, and I believe that my peers feel the same way too. Although we have the same quality and quantity of education, we also have to take into consideration the culture and tradition of each. in that location are certain things they do that would pinch our attention and may look different in our eyes. However, these are the certain things in life that we have to take into consideration. Also, I believe that being different from others is just a state of mind.We all make our own lives, and so it is up to us on how we could make things work. Interviewer What do you think is one of the greatest influences your culture had on the way you deal with your life and peers? Interviewee My culture has allowed me to appreciate life better. Also, I am able to appreciate the people who have compete an important part in my life. I was able to inculcate in my thoughts and actions the different lessons broug ht about by my culture and family members. Most importantly, I was able to sidle up self respect and dignity in everything that I do.Before I indulge in something, I try to ponder on and analyze things. There are certain things that I do in life that I attribute to the beliefs I grew up with. These would often be my guide before I make decisions. Interviewer Looking back at your life, do you find it difficult to adjust to the American culture and way of life? Interviewee I believe that living in the United States did not come as a difficulty from my end. For the most part, I was able to learn more about myself and others. Furthermore, I was able to be the individual I am now because of the mixture of cultures I grew up in.In my own opinion, I believe that the American way of life is one of the most misunderstood cultures. Others would say that American culture was focused on the individuality of people. However, what others do not see is the great deal of competence and individual ity inculcated in the perceptions of many. Through independence and competence, individuals are able to hone themselves and become someone in society. It is my perception that these things are the ones that matter most when act to make it big in society. We are all bound by the difficulties in life, however it is also up to us on how we can multifariousness things.No matter who we are and what we do, we should always give credit to our roots and cultural heritage. Name of Student Course Name of Professor Date Intel-cultural Interview A Reaction Culture has been attributed to the different challenges experienced by people. For many, culture became an important part in the shaping of ones perception. I was given the opportunity to find out and understand more about other cultures through this interview. Before the interview took place, I had numerous questions in mind. I treasured to know how other people would adapt to the American way of life.For the most part, I wanted to see if there were differences with my own perceptions, and if there were also similarities. I wanted to be enlightened with the numerous ideas that flowed in my head. The questions I asked my classmate opened new ideas for me. With the difficulties that came my way, I was able to appreciate more the importance of the other cultures. take NAME was one of the few people in school that I admired the most. Through this interview, I was able to learn more about him/her and the kind of life he/she was accustomed to. I admired STATE NAME for her/his honesty and for being open minded.He/she did not limit the answers to a word or two. Instead, I was given a glimpse of how his/her life was while growing up in a foreign country. In so doing, I was also given the opportunity to understand the difficulties and trials felt all these years. However, I also saw the great deal of importance their culture gave towards dealings with family and respect for the elderly. At this point, I felt a certain deal of admiration for him/her. STATE NAME was a concrete example of how an individual could gouge two different cultures and personify them.Respect for the elderly has always been inculcated in all of our minds. However, I was able to see it as a reality when STATE NAME gave me specifics during the interview. STATE NAMES answers were all based on his/her experiences in life, and were considered valid. I was surprised at how much credit he/she gave towards the part his/her family had on who he/she is today. In so doing, I also saw how unaffected he/she is with language barriers. Through STATE NAMEs experiences, language barriers may be avoided if people just became open minded.In so doing, STATE NAMEs mirrored the kind of culture Filipinos showed. By practicing the culture of their origin, they were able to help keep their race alive. Being away from their country of origin did not come as a hindrance for them to forget their heritage. Instead, their bonds as a family and as Filipinos were strengthened further by actions and attitude towards others. I must say that I have learned so much from this interview. In my own little way, I was able to appreciate and give much credit to my roots and the different accomplishments I had in my own life.At the same time I saw how much we were alike. Regardless of our differences in belief and in culture, there were certain things that bound us together. We were both open to the fact that we would not be who we are today if not for the mixture of culture we have. For the most part, we both believed that living outside of our country of origin would not come as a hindrance for us to reach our goals. Instead, it would help us to become better people making our families and our country proud. Life is indeed well(p) of challengesand it is up to us on how we could actually make things work and make a difference.

Consumer Purchase Decision Essay

There atomic number 18 many reasons that a consumer chooses a certain product. It may be that it is environmentally friendly, a great determination or it might be as simple as the price of the product. As a line of products organization we must be able to conduct our research and decipher what is most important to our target commercialise. The consumer buying decision process is a dogmatic way of looking at how a consumer makes the decision to purchase a product (any product) in a product category. In our restaurant we will adjudicate what products they want and develop a successful strategy on how to market our products and suffices.As a guest in our restaurant we will have many choices available to them at a low cost. There are five steps in the consumer purchase decision that Ill explain. Step one is emergency recognition which simply means that we identify what the potential customers need in our market. What kind of foods do they like and what kind of experience do the y want when they go to a restaurant? Step two is searching for the product that the customer wants. We will have many avenues, such as print ads and our website, in which to market our product and inform the public of our food and services. The third step is product evaluation where the consumer gathers information on our products and services. We will have the best menu and service in our market to increase a larger market share in our area. The fourth step is product choice and purchase so it is zippy that we successfully advertise and market our restaurant. We will have the best menu, greatest service and the most updated restaurant within a hundred mile radius. The fifth part step is the post purchase and evaluation step where the consumer will decide whether our food andservice is worth a return visit. We will make a great impression on our customers through our delicious menu and excellent dining experience.A consumers buyer behaviour is influenced by four major factors 1) Cultural, 2) Social, 3) Personal and 4) psychological. Cultural factors accommodate a consumers culture, subculture and social class. These factors are ofteninherent in our values and decision processes. Our target customers are in general young families and lower to upper middle class. Social factors include groups (reference groups and member groups), family, roles and status. This explains the outside influences of others on our purchase decisions either directly or indirectly. Personal factors include such variables as age and lifecycle stage, occupation, economic circumstances, lifestyle (activities, interests, opinions and demographics), personality and self concept. These may explain why our preferences often change as our situation changes. Psychological factors affecting our purchase decision include motivation (Maslows hierarchy of needs), perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes. Other people often influence a consumers purchase decision. explicate of mouth can be o ne of our biggest allies or our greatest threat in the marketing of our restaurant. We will make sure that every customer will enjoy their experience from the moment that they walk through our doors. They will be greeted when they enter and when they exit and our servers will be courteous and experienceledgeable. We need to know which people are involved in the buying decision and what role each person plays, so that marketing strategies can also be aimed at these people. Understanding these behaviours as they pertain to our restaurant will help us gain a competitive advantage against all competitors in our area.Market element is defined as the process of defining and subdividing a large homogenous market into clearly identifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics. Its objective is to design a marketing mix that precisely matches the expectations of customers in the targeted segment. We have effectively indentified our market segment as having fewer t han ten thousand potential customers in our area with an additional five thousand from outside our area such as truck drivers and customers passing through. Our town has consistently been moving to a junior crowd (Generation X) so our fresh new look and our website should appeal to this younger generation. This market also values environmentally friendly products so we will engage environmentally safe products in our restaurant. The majority of our market are family oriented so our family style menu and restaurant will be very good-hearted to our customers. We understand that thecustomer has a process that they use to determine where they want to dine. With our excellent customer service, great new menu and low prices we will gain their loyalty and get them back through our doors. Our customers are always number one and our customer service will be second to none. There are many options to dine in our area but we will set ourselves apart from the competition.

BioPharma Case Study Essay

BioPharma Case Questions1. How should BioPharma have used its production net profit in 2009? Should any of the plants have been idled? What is the annual salute of your proposal, including import duties? This theme was obtained using the tables displayed below. Note that Germany and lacquer produced none of the Relax product and that side of their plants has been idled. The annual cost of this solution is$24.85Total Transportation Cost (millions)$1,268.31Total occupation Cost (millions)$195.15Total Tariffs (millions)$1,488,315,983TOTAL COSTHighcal Production baseLatin AmericaEuropeAsia w/o JapanJapanMexicoU.S. brazil-nut tree7001.2300Germany0150000India0053.7700.35Japan000200Mexico0000312.65U.S.000005Total71557318Relax ProductionPlantLatin AmericaEuropeAsia w/o JapanJapanMexicoU.S.Brazil7002.7700Germany000000India00.6535.2300Japan000000Mexico011.350030U.S.0000017Total71238317Total Plant OutputPlantTotalBrazil18Germany15India18Japan2Mexico30U.S.222. How should Phil structure his spheric production network? Assume that the past is a reasonable indicator of the future in terms of exchange rates.Phil should note that the Dollar and Peso have been getting killed by the Euro, Real and the Yen the last three years. Over the five year period, the net movement has not been a disaster, and recognition of business cycles would suggest that it would be wise to retain capacity and capabilities throughout the entire supply chain so that production can be diverted as currencies move against apiece other.3. Is there any plant for which it may be worth adding a million kilograms of additional capacity at a fixed cost of $3 million per year?It doesnt appear this improves the solution shown in question 1. The plants that are at capacity in part 1 are Brazil, India, Mexico, and the U.S. adding a million kilograms of capacity to those plants does not result in a lower overall cost for the entire supply chain.4. How are your recommendations affected by the step-down of dutie s?A reduction in duties to 0% across the board results in the following costs$38.25Total Transportation Cost (millions)$1,325.40Total Production Cost (millions)$0.00Total Tariffs (millions)$1,363,650,824TOTAL COSTThe solution matrix is far little sparse virtually every market receives imports from every other market with the exception of Mexico and Asiawithout Japan. Production increases in Germany and Japan at the expense of India, Mexico, and the U.S.Highcal ProductionPlantLatin AmericaEuropeAsia w/o JapanJapanMexicoU.S.Brazil1.202.280.621.200.004.90Germany1.522.901.231.520.952.98India1.122.50.831.120.552.58Japan0.531.910.250.530.001.99Mexico1.522.901.231.520.952.98U.S.1.122.500.831.120.552.58Total71557318Relax ProductionPlantLatin AmericaEuropeAsia w/o JapanJapanMexicoU.S.Brazil1.201.480.001.480.003.65Germany1.522.460.951.660.953.03India1.122.060.551.260.552.63Japan0.531.470.000.670.002.04Mexico1.522.460.951.660.953.03U.S.1.122.060.551.260.552.63Total71238317Total Plant OutputPl antTotalBrazil18.00Germany21.67India16.87Japan9.93Mexico21.67U.S.16.875. The analysis has assumed that each plant has a100 percent yield (percent output of acceptable quality). How would you modify your analysis to account for yield differences across plants?To adjust for yields less than 100%, the capacity of each plant could beadjusted down by the loss percentage. Another approach would be to leave capacity as stated but adjust the amount shipped down by the scrap percentage.6. What other factors should be accounted for when making your recommendations?This global supply chain is exposed to a variety of risks as enumerated below. Supply chain decisions should be made after careful assessment of the likelihood of these events and the effectiveness of possible mitigation plans. Disruptions disasters, war, terrorism, labor disputesDelays rigidity or poor yield of supply, insufficient supply Systems IS breakdown, system integration issuesForecast inaccurate forecastingIntellectua l property vertical integration and global sourcing Procurement exchange rate movement, industry-wide capacity issues Receivables number and financial strength of customersInventory rate of obsolescence, holding costs, uncertainty of demand Capacity cost and tractability of capacit

Principals-Agents’ Conflict of Interest

Principals (sh atomic number 18holders) divisor (managers) problem represents the fighting of interest mingled with management and owners. For example, if shargonholders cannot effectively monitor the managers behaviour, consequently managers whitethorn be tempted to use the firms assets for their own ends, all at the expenses of shargonholders. Discuss the pros and cons of this statement with regard to duties of Board of Directors. Most organisations these days are no more owned by their managers. This separation of ownership and management gives rise to what is called agency relationship.Jensen and Meckling (1976) define the agency relationship as a urge on under which virtuoso party (the principal) engages another party (agent) to perform the or so services on their behalf. As part of this, the principal leave behind delegate some decision making authority to the agent . However, it is important to mention that this relationship is not always peaceful and harmonious rather , it usually raises some agency problems unremarkably called conflict of interests between shareholders and managers of the company.These conflicts occur when a person i. . the manager has an obligation not to execute in his own personal interest but in another persons interest i. e. the shareholders. This means that in whatever situation, managers must prioritise shareholders benefits. But is this commitment always respected in principals-agents relationships? Hopefully, between these two groups, is the board of directors directors who are elected by shareholders to act as their representatives by monitoring and lordly managers tasks and ensuring they are in patronage with shareholders expectations.With clear test that conflicts of interest are almost unavoidable in any agency relationships, an attempt will be made will be made to consider an insight into that issue with regards to board of directors duties. Brennan (1994) states that agency problems emanate from the arrange ment where the interests of the agents differ substantially from those of the principals because of the impossibility of perfectly contracting for every possible action of the agents whose decisions put on both his welfare and the welfare of the principal .Therefore, this raises the issue of finding ways to motivate managers to solely act in the stovepipe interest of shareholders. However, in a world where the labour market is becoming more and more imperfect and competitive, managers will be more concerned with their personal benefits at the expense of shareholders benefits. Since they are the one taking care of the day-to-day activities of the company, they know better than anyone any single details ab break how the various tasks are being performed and how that affects the company.Therefore, they might be tempted to ingest advantage of that by consuming some of the organisations resources in the form of lavish perquisites such as airplanes. Agency conflicts imply that sharehol ders wealthiness maximisation is being subordinated in managers goals for the company. Clear evidence of this assumption could be that top level managers are more worried about increasing their salaries, reproduction their status within the company, creating more opportunities for lower managers or assuring their job security and to achieve all this, their main objective could rather be to have a fit the firm by creating more subsidiaries.Such an action could produce results that do not necessarily maximise the value of the organisation for shareholders, rather, management welfare. We can pock that in conflict of interest, agents are mostly interested in achieving objectives that they feel will be profitable to them, but which are not necessarily or directly for the sake of shareholders.This occurs as a result of the distance created between the shareholders and the management team which prevent the former to effectively monitor and control managers behaviour. If agents do thing s that hurt principals, why dont they take strong actions against that? In order to remedy to this situation, shareholders rely among others on the board of directors which they elect to look out for their interests and protect them for financial losses due to inadequate managerial actions.Bonazzi L. , Islam (2007) defines the function of the board as a collective responsibility to determine the companys aspire and ethics, to decide the direction, i. e. the strategy to plan to monitor and control managers and CEO activities, then to report and make recommendations to shareholders . To achieve this, they are expected to act in accordance with their four main duties which involve the fiduciary duty, the duty of loyalty, the duty of confidentiality and the duty of care.In performing their fiduciary duties, directors assumes two roles, the first one as an agent which means acting on behalf of shareholders and the second one as a trustee which means they are in charge of controlling th e organisation assets so they have to act bona fide which means in good faith towards the company acting only within the scope of their powers and uniquely for the purpose that benefits the business and to avoid being involved in conflict between personal and the companys interest.First and foremost, the board has as duty to range the organisation by designing broad policies, and objectives which are intended to provide managers with guidance on how they are expected to run the business, i. e. prioritizing principals benefits, and, where they are expected to take the firm to in terms of increasing its value. They must continuously review the performance of the chief executive to ensure that managerial actions are in line with shareholders wishes and given that they are accountable to the former, they have to report to them about the overall organisational performance.Regarding their duty of loyalty, directors must prevent conflict of interest by avoiding transactions which may ge nerate a potential conflict those transactions according to Professor Bernard S. Black of Standford Law School in an article entitled The principal fiduciary Duties of Boards of Directors are called self-dealing transactions.Representing at the same time the boss to one extend and the subordinate to another extend, directors must make sure never to act in ways that will harm either the shareholders or the executives, treat both parties with care and respect and try to make good decisions i. . that will compromise none of the parties, but which will be profitable to the firm. Also, board members have the duty to keep private all dealings, matters and information from the board meeting and the company in order to avoid the disclosure or misuse of information which may channelise to a conflict. From the study of board members duties, we can state that companies corporate establishment rests mostly on their shoulders.So, when effective, it permits the realisation of corporate objec tives, risk management, the reduction of agency problems and an increase in the value of the firm. Despite the fact that conflict of interest is kind of an obvious issue between shareholders and managers, it is important to keep in mind that the former are the owners of the business and thus, have great powers on the company for exemplar through their voting rights at the annual shareholders meeting where they might decide to vote with their feet i. . selling their shares, exposing the organisation to a potential takeover that will lead managers to lose their job. Consequently, managers must at least try to satisfy their principals by aligning their actions and decisions with shareholders expectations as well as must principals induce their agents to work for their crush interest. To achieve this, they must incur some agency be.In the 1976 Journal of Finance paper by Michael Jensen and William Meckling, it is stated that there are three major types of agency costs (1) expenditu res to monitor managerial activities, such as audit costs (2) expenditure to structure the organisation in a way that will limit undesirable managerial behaviour, such as appointing outside members to the board of directors or restructuring the companys business units and management hierarchy and (3) opportunity costs which are incurred when shareholder-imposed restrictions, such as requirements for shareholder votes on specific issues, limit the ability of managers to take actions that advance shareholder wealth.In a nutshell, conflict of interest is a real fact in every business. Principal-agent relationship can be viewed as complex in terms of how exactly agents are expected to act towards their principals. Obviously, their acts must always be aimed at serving shareholders interest, but this statement seems to imply that either principals interests are always morally bankable or managers might act unethically provided they fulfil shareholders expectations.Virtually, all corporat e code of ethics addresses conflict of interest because it interferes with the ability of employees to act in the best interest of the firm. The fact is that, the agent is expected to act solely for the benefit of the principal in all matters and situations, yet, the kind of situation or dilemma the agent might be called upon to act in his principal interest are not easily predictable or identified. As optimal solution, it would be good for both parties if they could work in concert prioritising the success of the organisation, and trying to satisfy as much as possible each groups benefits, because it would assistance avoiding or at least reducing potential conflict of interest.