Crucible Analyzing John Proctor Essay Example for Free

Crucible Analyzing gutter Proctor EssayAnalyzing John Proctor as a Tragic Hero In the Crucible, a make by Arthur Miller, John Proctor is the tragic maven. A tragic hero is defined as someone who has great courage that ends up dying at the end of the story. The reason John Proctor is the tragic hero of this play is because he has so much to lose.John Proctor fulfills my requirements of a tragic hero through knocked out(p) the play. He decides to go to court and expose the girls. The girls turn on him and he gets accused. He is only trying to do well, but gets falsely accused. John Proctor is also a very intelligent man who can detect others as organism fraudulent, however he questions his own moral. He questions himself because of his social function with Abigail which was his only flaw throughout the play. In spite of this I still consider him an honorable man.Another thing he did was but his wife from being put to death, and also refusing to confess practicing magnetisecr aft. He proves he is a tragic hero when he explains to the judge that since he gave his soul to leave his name. With this plea, Proctor has eliminated in all hopes of living and has established himself as the tragic hero.John Proctor is a man of sufficient stature in that he is given the choice to save himself at the end of the play, but does not. He does keep his affair secretive, but that is only thing that made him seem like the villain. He did not be to die at the end of the play, but that is one of the requirements to make him considered a tragic hero. Proctor serves as the voice of justice in the play. He came out and told everyone about Abigail falsely accusing others of being witches. He also came out and ripped the warrant and told the men to leave. In the end, he comes close to confessing being a witch but realizes it disgraces his good name, which is all his children will know him by.The issues leading to John Proctors death are not universal. I believe that he should n ot boast been the one getting the punishment in the end, but that is why he is the tragic hero. Throughout the play he was a man of integrity and nobleness. He confessed to practicing witchcraft, in which he reallydidnt. This is why he died saving his wife from death.

Honor Thy Children Essay Example for Free

Honor Thy Children EssayOverall the concord Honor Thy Children by Molly Fumia was great. There were points in this book that just tugged at my heart. For case when the Nakatanis found pop out that their middle password Greg was shot and killed. There were also points in this book that I felt if I had been in their position, I would be in a great deal of pain and misery and would not know how to work through all that had happened. I thought that Al and Jane were brave parents to endure the deaths of their three sons. This book by far was the most interesting non-fiction book I have read. This book would move the heart of any individual that read it.The best thing about this book by far is how the parents have persevered throughout all these events that has happened to their family. From the running away of Glen, the murder of their son Greg, the finding out that their sons Glen and Guy were gay and their contraction of HIV, and also the death of them. They had to have heavy hearts after all of this happened, and yet they still go through all the HIV campaigning to show us how dangerous this disease is. A thing I did not like about this book is that there were very little happy things that happened to this family.I also thought that it was hard to keep track of the Nakatanis children because all of their names were so similar. If I were to tier this book, I would give it an A++ because this is a very good book and shows that humans have the will to push through any obstacle. Even though they have gone through all of that God did not give them a break and show them mercy. Despite their hard troubles, they pushed through all the distress and despair and turned it around to help other people not make the same mistakes as them.This would definitely be a book I would recommend to people because there are very good aliveness lessons in it. For instance, there is a limit to strict parenting, choosing your words correctly (Greg), and when face with the wor st of situations there is always something you can do about it. It also demonstrates that when a child is is pain and dying, parents always want to try and help to do whats best for them, even at the expense of their own self. I think this book would be for ages 15 and up because there are things that would be hard to understand for someone of a young age.Also I feel that the person reading it should have some respect for gays, lesbians, etc. other than reading this book would be pointless. The book and movie were great to say the least. It taught me to accept who you are and that death is not the end. Memories can carry on and learn others how to deal with the loss of your loved ones. This book allowed me to take a glimpse into the Nakatanis life and how they dealt with the loss and the grief that followed. Honor Thy Children taught me that no matter what life throws at you there are always ways to overcome these challenges.The thing I thought was most interesting was Guy will to go out to speak even while confined to a wheelchair. He had the courage to go out in the state he was in and speak. The person I identify most with in this story would be Greg. I identify with Greg the most because he was the middle son, a macho, speak his mind kind of person. The person I would identify least with would be Guy. I identify least with him because if I had gotten HIV and knew I was dying I would probably hate the humankind and seclude myself and not really try to do anything.This book did not really impact my life because even though it was a great book, it did not really apply that much to my life. I think that, because I have not had something similar happen to me, I have no gay or lesbian friends and I also do not know anyone with a serious disease. I think that the only things that would apply to me would be the Asian/Hawaiian culture, the dealing with the death of a loved one, and parenting. Their culture is exactly like mine because I am Japanese and I was born and raised in Hawaii. In our culture we are taught to respect your elders and listen to them.I also felt that the Nakatanis dealt with the death of their sons better than I would have. When my brother and grandparents died I had a hard time and at some points I went through a period of depression that lasted a month in which I did not attend. It make me feel that I should have been a better grandchild and brother because I caused them a lot of trouble. The parenting part got to me because I was lucky that my parents, who were somewhat strict, were not as strict as the Nakatanis. This helped me learn to appreciate my parents more.

Analysis of Economies of Scale

Analysis of Economies of ScaleGONZALO PARENTEQUESTION 1 ECONOMIES OF SCALE cargo enraptures is an immense constancy requiring huge fiscal investments and continuous development. Therefore, it has start an ideal game field to go and implement economies of cuticle. Any minor achievement on this will lowly an impressive extra benefit in terms of cost reduction and efficiency gains. However, when economies of scale be managed under vituperate merchandise place perspectives it nates gene score catastrophic results affecting for example ports tractableness and their commercial feasibility (e.g. congestion at terminal, boondocks) (P. Rodrigue, 2014).It is important to highlight that different exile segments require different st rategies due to variations on operations and infrastructure. Therefore, it can be found different enterping niches where economies of scale can be appliedBigger capacity leads to dis rescripteder cost per unitBenefits, in terms of be per unit, appe nd with ships capacity. If a comparison, in terms of operating costs, is made among a TTT class and a untried Panamax watercraft, it can be seen that megaships would be 30% cheaper than medium size vessels ($100/TEU) (P. Rodrigue, 2014).Bigger ships carry less go off economic consumptionIt is known that fuel consumption counts around 45%-50% of operating costs. raw ships have led to a reduction on fuel consumption turning the ecstasy industry into a more cyberspaceable business. Under prescript conditions, megaships consume 164 tons of fuel per day, being 35% lower than a medium size vessel (P. Rodrigue, 2015).Low speed (Slow locomoteing) excessively annuls fuel consumptionDuring the crisis of 2008-9 a new sailing approach came up, Slow steaming, reducing the speed to 18-20 Knots aiming to lower the fuel consumption. It enabled the grocery to absorb the oer-fleet capacity during periods of slack demand, without impact in port congestion thanks to keep the fleet port cal l frequency. While a Post Panamax consumes 230 tons per day sailing at 24 Knots/hour, at 21 Knots/hour it would burn 150 tons per day (33% less) (P. Rodrigue, 2015).New shipbuilding techniques mean vessels being built rapidlyIt has let ship-owners increase their fleets in a much reduced time at very low prices, taking advantage of the market conditions at all times. It is frugality of scale applied to ship design. For example the new ships price fall betwixt 2008 and 2009 was due to the appearance of revolutionary techniques offering new ships at very low prices (Stopford, 2009).Vessels specialization leads to market flexibilityNot only economies of scale scarcely withal economies of scope ar encompassed by ship specialization. role In order to fight against the inefficiency generated by bulk carriers sailing in ballast, a new specialized vessel came up called Multi-purpose. In terms of economies of scale, a multi-purposes vessel was an innovated idea due to the wide range of rights that it can accommodate at the same time, adapting it to the market conditions at all the moments without concerning about the port features, season, trends etc (Stopford, 2009).New technology and discourse equipment speed up port operationsOperating mega vessels under high levels of productivity/efficiency requires sophisticated handling equipment. TTT vessels can be operated by 7 cranes at once (251 TEU/hour) while NewPanamax vessels need 6 cranes to handle 140 TEU/hour (Stopford, 2009).As a conclusion, the application of economies of scale to the transit industry has led to a positive impact on the global economy.QUESTION 2 COST ELEMENTS OF SHIPPINGWhen talking about tape drive costs, both chief(prenominal) types of costs essential be always taken into account voyage related costs and no-voyage related costs. However, a better way to conceive how different costs work in the shipping industry is by classifying them into capital, operating and voyage costs (ICS 2012, 2103 Plymouth university -Mr Adkins, 2014).The capital costs ar fixed costs directly related to the vessels purchase. These costs be part of the owners responsibility. Some of these costs arePre- auction pitch costs the cost of transporting the vessel from the shipyard (e.g. japan) to the delivery point (e.g. Rotterdam).Loan repayment it involves all the money that the shipowner must pay back to the bank.Leasing charges refer to the cost that shipowners must pay to the lessor e.g. TC for capesize, 5 years = $10500 per day.Depreciation it refers to the decline in time value of the vessel or any new(prenominal) infrastructure. Depreciation depends on the cost of the asset, the expected salvage value of the asset, the estimated life of the asset. Vessels life aprox. 25 years.Operating costs can be divided into four groups crew costs, repair and maintainace, insurance and administration.Crew costs take on the seafarers wages (Not the same for Philippines, American or Greeks), the travel costs (Not the same from UK to Rotterdam than UK to Italy), crew training (Depends on flag state/ship registries), medical inspections, recruitment process, insurances for crew accidents.Repair and maintenance costs include the maintenance of engines and other equipment, replacement of vessels parts. For old vessels, it counts even 14% of operating costs.Insurance costs The two compulsory insurances that every vessel must have are the 2/3 hull and machinery and the 1/3 third party liability.Administration costs consists of communication costs agents in port, or shore based administration and management charges.The voyage costs are one of the almost important costs that shipowners must take into account when planning voyages. It is commonly known as voyage estimation.Fuel charges include the fuel price, the engine big businessman and efficiency, the design and state of hull and the ships speed.Port charges include the port dues which is the general use of port facilities ( depends on raft of cargo, weight of cargo, gross tonnage and net tonnage).Service charges which include the pilotage, towage and cargo handling. Canal charges refer to the price vessels have to pay to ship across these short cuts.Please see below a good example of voyage estimation (Private data from Shipbroking firm)Vessel 8.000 TEURoute Shanghai-Rotterdam (12.000 miles and 100% load factor). hit price = $650Ship cost = $100mContainers = $20mOperating costs = $8.500Value of cargo = $60.000 per TEUAnnual interest rate = 3%Emission cost = $30 per element 109 of fuel consumedFreight rate = $800 per TEUA ship is considered profitable when after taking into account capital, operating and voyage costs, still generate profits for the shipowner. This profit directly depends in the market level and freight rates. It is not the same to fix a vessel for WS50 than for WS80.Sometimes, it happens that freight rates vary for the same vessel size. One of the main factors is the geography. Depe nding on the demand for vessels in those specific markets, some shipowners will be willing to accept higher or lower freight rates. . For example A vessel operating in Cross-MED for WS50 and a vessel operating UKC-ARA for WS80. In order to make your vessel more profitable, some strategies can be applied to seek economies of scale. Nowadays, one of the most popular seems to be slow steaming.QUESTION 3. WORLD MERCHANT FLEET, STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITIONAs seen, shipping is a global industry formed by a sum of different sub-markets. This question is focuse on the bulk market and the main deflexions between three of the biggest segments tanker, dry bulk and containers. When looking at different shipping segments, it is important to analyze not only the travel plans of distributively segment but also the type and vessel size used in each of the markets.For liquid bulk cargoes, the type of vessel used is known as tanker vessels. Tankers are divided in two main groups crude oil colour tan kers and product tankers (ICS, 2015).Crude oil tankers range from 80.000-120.000 dwt (Aframax), 120.000-200.000 (Suezmax), to 200.000-500.000 dwt (VLCCs-ULCCs). The main routes are AG-USG, AG-China, AG-Japan and AG-ARA-UKC (ICS, 2014).Product tankers range from 10.00-42.000 dwt (Handy), 42.000-60.000 dwt (MR), 60.000-120.000 dwt (LR1-LR2). The main routes are USA-UKC for Diesel, NE to USG-N. America for gasoline and AG-China/Japan/ARA for Naphtha. For the product industry it is important to take into account the refineries location (ICS, 2015).The main features of crude oil and chemical products are that must be stored into tanks, handled by pumping and in some cases can be corrosive and toxic.For dry bulk cargoes, the type of vessel used is known as dry bulk ships. Some of the main features of this cargoes are that are shipped in large quantities and handled with automated equipment like belts and conveyors. The size of the vessel usually varies with the dish out good transported . These are the most important commodities in the dry bulk industry (ICS, 2013 E. Branch, 2012).Iron ore primary(prenominal) routes Brazil to China-W. Europe (Panamax)- Australia to Japan/China (Panamax). defenseless material of steelmaking. Major importers, it changes with countries development. China, Japan and USA are considered the three bigger consumers. Major exporters, Australian, Brazil, India or South Africa. Key players Vale, BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto, ArcelorMittal, Metalloinvest, Anglo American. Ports/Terminals Itaqui, Tubarao, Sepetiba, Ponta do Uba, Dampier, Port Walcott.Coal main(prenominal) routes Australia to Japan/W.EU S.Africa to EU (Handymax), Columbia to W.EU (Panamax). Raw material of steelmaking as well as fuel for generating power. There are two main types Cocking coal and steam coal. Coking coal Australia is the conceptions largest exporter. Steam coal Australia Indonesia larger exporters. Major coal importers are Europe and Japan (43% of the worlds coal imports).Grain Main routes US to S.America/Japan/Asian countries (Panamax), Argentina to Brazil (Handysize). Wheat, maize, rice, barley, soya etc. They all seasonal and irregular in volume and route. Major importer Japan, China, Russia, EU, N. Africa, Brazil, Middle East countries. Main exporters Canada, N.S. America, Australia.The last group are the containerships. Containerships have been positively affected by technologic improvements such as containerization or automization. Vessels range from -1000 TEU (Small feeder), 1.000-2.000 TEU (Feeder), 2.000-3.000 (Feedermax), 3.000-5.000 Panamax, 5.000-10.000 TEU (Post Panamax), 10.000-15.000 TEU (New Panamax), +14.000 (ULCV) (ICS, 2015).The main routes for containerships are from F.EAST to EU and US (Panamax, Post Panamax), USA to China (Panamax and Post Panamax) and from USA to EU (Post Panamax and smaller) (ICS, 2015).It is interesting to highlight that companies are struggling on the picture voyage from West to East. It makes ope rators to find different ways to optimize the empty containers in order to avoid the loss of marginal profit.QUESTION 4. SUPPLY AND DEMAND AND ITS IMPACT ON warhead RATES (Based on my dissertation)The shipping industry is a global-scale industry ruled by a combination of factors in charge of determining market trends, market levels and cycles. The publish and demand for vessels will establish the shipping market balance.The mechanism used to link the supply and demand in this industry is known as freight rates. Freight rates reflects the balance of ships and cargoes available in the market at a certain time (Stopford, 2009). Too many ships usually mean low freight rates, and too few ships usually mean high freight rates. Once freight rates are established, charterers and shipowners adjust to them, bringing the supply and demand into balance (Stopford, 2009). The Baltic Exchange is the organization in charge of providing, in co-operation with top shipping companies, daily reports f or different markets and vessels sizes (BDTI TD1, TD6).In terms of the shipping market model, 5 supply and 5 demand factors strongly influence the freight rates.On the demand side, one of the most important variables is the world economy and, especially, the global business cycles and local development trends (emerging economies-Nigeria). World economy plays an important role when determining the price of commodities and also when setting the freight rates that buyers and sellers are able to pay to transport them. Another two key factors to achieve economies of scale are the average haul distance and the amount of cargo shipped per voyage. haphazard economic shocks (2008 crisis) have also a majuscule weight in shipping demand. As these shocks affect demand and people economic power, freight prices are reduced as the demand for these commodities is considerably reduced. And, last but not least, transport costs encompassing capital, voyage and operational costs (ICS, 2015 Stopford, 2009 Lectures given by Jonathan Challecombe International Shipping and Maritime Management and Markets).On the supply side, the new buildings and scrapping activities are essential to adjust the market balance. New buildings increase the fleet supply, big(p) freight rates. Scrapping reduces the fleet supply, increasing freight rates. Fleet productivity is another factor which is focused in vessels efficiency. In a profuse pace market, speed and waiting times are crucial for business profitability. The last variable is the freight revenue. For example in markets with strong trends, shipowners may pass over their vessels life or purchase second-hand vessels to take advantage of the market while in markets ruled by weak trends, old ships are scrapped 10 or 15 years before their commercial life ends (ICS, 2015 Stopford, 2009 Lectures given by Jonathan Challecombe International Shipping and Maritime Management and Markets).For example it is good to understand what is going with the c urrent dry bulk and container markets. The very low freight rates experienced during the last few months are caused by the perfect difference in terms of fleet growth (+) and the fleet demand (-). This situation has led to overcapacity.As a conclusion and in order to frame again a balanced industry, shipping companies should follow a new tool true by BIMCO known as Zero supply growth. It in the main require shipowners to neutralize the delivery of new vessels every year by scrapping an equal amount of capacity from the existing fleet (BIMCO, 2016). Mergers and acquisitions are also ample strategies although will lead to a more monopolized market.QUESTION 6. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SEABORNE TRADEAs a derived demand, nautical shipping is shaped by worldwide macroeconomic conditions.Although shipping market is very complex we can say that there are five major(ip) factors which rule the demand for shipping transport costs, seaborne commodity trades, ave rage haul, random shocks and world economy, which is the most important one (Stopford, 2009). World economy impacts on the demand for shipping mainly through the business cycle and the trade development cycle.Business cycle lays the foundation for shipping cycle, so that fluctuations in the rate of world economic growth cause a cyclical pattern of demand for shipping.There is a close relationship between the growth rate of shipping and the world GDP, what becomes realise if you see how both parameters have closely changed over the recent history. It is not surprising given that world economy generates the most of demand for shipping by importing raw materials for manufacturing or exporting manufactured products.Another side of the relationship between macroeconomics and shipping is the seaborne commodity trades, which can be divided into short-term and long term.Seasonality of some trades is an important cause of short-term volatility. For instance, many agricultural commodities ar e linked to seasonal reasons, caused by harvest. But in the oil business there also is a cycle that reflects the seasonal fluctuation in energy consumption in western sandwich countries. Seasonality has a great impact on spot market ( alter and wet bulk) (ICS, 2015).The precipitates of raw materials (mainly ores and crude oil) follow a shipping pattern from developing countries towards developed countries. Transports terminals in developing countries are specialized in loading raw materials while developed countries unload are focused on unloading.On the other hand, the flows of manufactured goods mainly concerned developed countries, but it is changing due to the effects of globalized manufacturing processes. We have a new geography of global trade, which can be depicted quite accurately by maritime shipping routes. Developing countries are no longer just the suppliers of high volume-low value raw materials, but instead now also import large volumes of oil, iron ore, and participa te in global value drawing strings and the globalized production of manufactured goods (Stopford, 2009).As a result, developing countries are emerging as major world exporters and importers. They have also become main players in globalized manufacturing processes.As an instance we can observe that the growing energy needs of developing countries and the expansion of South-South trade are contributing to recharging tanker shipping and trade maps, supported by the US schema to get its energy independence.QUESTION 7. ESTIMATING AND FORECASTINGIt is tell that information is the most important variable that make shipping companies win or lose. Currently, technology has raise companies to get information from the market, global economy and many other factors in order to make an accurate market estimation and take advantage of it (Stopford, 2009).However, it is said that not all information is reliable, creating uncertainty among shipping players. It is why not only shipowners but als o charterers, traders, operators and even brokers must have a clear network to get daily outlooks of what is going on in the market at every confront.Some of the most common information lines areShipping institutions BIMCO, IMO, ICS, BALTIC EXCHANGEBroking companies PLATEAU DAILY REPORTSNewspapers, magazinesQUESTION 9. RISK MANAGEMENTA popular strategy used in the shipping industry to reduce the effects of volatile markets is known as sand trap hedge. It consists in a fuel price analysis and it is used with the purpose of reducing the gilds exposure to volatile bunker costs and eliminating the risk of companies bunker budgets getting out of control (Mercatus, 2016).Swap is one of the most popular uses when bunker hedge (Mercatus, 2016). It allows the buyer to hedge his bunker exposure by fixing the price he pays for fuel at a predefined level, over a predefined period of time. dickens different scenarios can be foundScenario 1 It is when fuel prices move from below the swap e xecution price. As a financial compensation, the shipping company has to pay back the difference between the market price and the swap price to his trading counterparty in order to offset low prices in the market (C, Cheetham, 2013).Scenario 2 It is when fuel prices move above the swap execution price. As a financial compensation, the shipping line has to receive the difference between the market price and the swap price from his trading counterparty in order to offset high prices in the market (C, Cheetham, 2013).A great forecasting job must be done before entering into a bunker hedging agreement. Shipping companies need to be sure in terms of future bunker prices trends. Related factors such as new oil fields, global trade and international regulations must be always taken into account. When properly managed, bunker hedging can lead companies to generate bigger profits as the exposure to fuel prices fluctuations is removed.A freight derivate contract is defined as a financial cont ract between two different parties, where future prices for transporting goods by sea are agreed. Freight derivate contracts are usually divided into two main groups anterior Freight Agreement (FFA) and Freight Swap Agreement (FSA) (Baltic Exchange, 2016). These derivate contracts are used by charterers and shipowners in order to hedge against fluctuations in freight rates. The main difference between the FFAs and FSAs is the assumption of risk. With FSA risk for both parties, with FFA risk assumed by the counterparty. FFAs cover the route, settlement date, contract size and contract rate.Lastly, the main difference between hedging and speculation is that speculation involves an activity to make profit and hedging only attempts to reduce economic business risk.QUESTION 10. OTHER SEGMENTS AND SPECIALIZED CARGOESLNG stands for turn Natural Gas and it is considered the third major energy source carried by sea, after oil and coal. It is one of the most environmentally friendly energy source which is mainly used for power generation and for the domestic use. LNG is considered a hazardous cargo which requires coated tanks and isolated facilities at port in order to safely handle its extremely low temperature (ICS, 2015 Stopford, 2009 Energy Annual Reports, 2016).LNG is usually transported by Very Large Gas Carriers for very long voyages. LNG can be also transported via pipelines, although for that liquefaction is needed.The transport of LNG includes four different activitiesTransportation of LNG from gas fields to plants, via pipeline.Methane gas is separated from other substances and stored for sea transportation.LNG loaded into ships.Receive and store LNG at delivery terminals.The LNG costs are divided in the following proportions 15% production, 40% liquefaction, 25% sea transport, 20% regasification.It is important to highlight that LNG trade is conducted with long-term contracts (Bareboat or Time Charters) with fixed prices.Main exporters Iran, Qatar and Russ ia in less scale Africa, Asia, North and South America and the EU.Main importers USA, EU, Japan, S. Korea and China.QUESTION 11. PORT DEVELOPMENTIn order to better understand how ports and terminals develop, it is fundamental to focus in a specific port. In my case, the Port of Rotterdam has been chosen as it was one of my research topics at university.As shipowning companies, ports and terminals are in continuous development process where technology and efficiency improvement are always sought. Time reduction when loading and unloading, port accessibility, hinterland connections and the ability of create economies of scale in terms of cargo handling and cargo storage are some of the main reasons why ports have recrudesce from individual specialized terminals to huge multipurpose shipping hubs where not only shipping but also logistics activities are carried out(Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2004). It has led to improve the supply chain and the instalment of strategies such as JIT (Just in time). Spatial relationships between terminals are key points in port competition. In order to explore how terminals should interact with each other, two main concepts are highlighted centrality intermediacy (Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2005). Centrality places terminals as a point of origin and destination traffic. It involves intermodal activities and generates economic activities in its vicinity. Intermediacy sees terminals as an intermediate point in the flow of freight. It could also be a good point to exploit transshipment (Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2005).The main reasons why some ports stop developing when they reach a certain stage are lack of green fields to build new terminals (Eg, Southampton Port or the ICTT Terminal, Vallarpadam-India) and the strong competition from terminal global terminal operators such as Dubai Ports World and APM (Venugopal, 2014).For example, the Port of Rotterdam has been working for a long time in two main expansion projects. Firstly, Maasvlakte I which was completed few years ago, and Maasvlakte II which is still on-process. In terms of space, the Port of Rotterdam will gain a total of 20%-22% extra space to allocate the forecasted rising number of containers and elevate a more viable multimodal system. Economies of scale are achieved by the great number of containers that it is able to handle. Thanks to its dimensions, total costs are divided over more than 11.5 million TEU they handle every year. The provision of customer focused services as well as 24/7 cargo handling and storing activities enhance the port to provide a reduction on vessels turnaround times what leads to better productivity. Last but not least, the law of proximity of the dry bulk and tanker terminals to key production and storing points give the port an important comparative advantage. It minimizes costs and increases safety and efficiency in terms of time. The great connections with the hinterland and foreland makes this port a global shipping choke point (Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2004).In order to tarry globally competitive, attract foreign trade and increase the total volume of exports and imports, countries have to encourage private operators to invest in national ports infrastructure including port configuration, handling equipment and port connectivity.QUESTION 12 THE CONTAINER SHIPPING MARKETOver the years, container shipping lines have placed increasing amounts of hope in the notion that the trading growth being experienced in emerging markets would improve the demand of containerships. However, as a large number of Super-Post Panamax containerships (ULCV) of size between 13,000 19,000 TEUs being introduced to the market, increasing the current total capacity of world containership in service to 18.2 million TEUs the overcapacity issue looks set to continue in 2015, although less severe than year 2009. Currently, the largest containership recorded in the industry are the sister vessel MSC Oscar and MSC Oliver with the size of 19,224 TEU (Lloyds List, 2016). The market is expecting to see more of such vessels magnitude being built and deliver in the near future.In terms of global trends ruling the containers supply and demand, some facts can be highlighted1. Containers overcapacity Timing is one of the main factors when referring to the shipping supply and demand. As great expectations were placed into the current market, many shipowners purchased bigger and more sophisticated vessels, which nowadays cant be employed.2. Emerging economies power demand for shipments Containerships owners can still find a glimpse of light for this market in emerging economies. For example, Nigeria will see its population grow by 275 million by 2050. It gives an idea of the shipping potential of this emerging economies/countries.3.Cargo adaptation to the container shipping method containerization. Cargo can be directly shipped from the mill to the consignee, or even to the customer, making the shipping industry more efficient and safer.4.Sustainability and environmentally friend New trends have come up concerning about environment issues. It has radically affected the cost for carriers and consequently the vessels supply and demand (CSR).5.Customer focus and new technology Development in technology mainly seeks meekness with new regulations and cost-efficiencies. The current lack of transparency along the supply chain can affect either supply as demand due to wrong market forecast or unforeseen constraints.The East-West trade is mainly driven by the import demand of products from China and India to Europe. However, companies are struggling on the return voyage from West to East. It makes operators to find different ways to optimize the empty containers in order to avoid the loss of marginal profit. In order to remain competitive, operators will have to follow some tendencies which will shape the container industry (ICS, 2015)Cost reduction and vessel optimization can be achieved through formin g shipping alliances between containership operators. The alliance agreements generally cover areas such as the type and size of vessel to be employed on each route itineraries port rotations, chartering of ships feeder services and the coordination of inland services. 2M, O3, G6 alliance and the CKYHE. Slow steaming can be also applied (Lloyds List, 2016)Another way is the slot chartering By leasing out part of the vessels slot during the return voyage from Europe to Far-East, operators can obtain optimum efficiency of fleet operation and to maximize slot utilization (Lloyds List, 2016).And last but not least, cost-savings measure adopted by operators is through the use of longer routes in the East-West trade. For instance, instead of using the Suez Canal, ship operators may choose to travel by a longer sea route through the Cape of Good Hope enabling operators to accommodate superfluous ships with a similar frequency of port calls and reducing the overcapacity issue.Reference Lis tAlan Jugovic (2015 ) Scientific Journal of Maritime Research 29, 23-29BIMCO (2016) BIMCO market analysis 31 whitethorn 2016. Available file///C/Users/gonzalo/Downloads/BIMCO_Road_to_Recovery_for_the_dry_bulk_market_FINAL%20(1).pdfBaltic Exchange (2016) FFAs. Available https//www.balticexchange.com/ffa/C. Cheetham (2013) Introduction to Bunker Hedging Tools Swaps. Available http//shipandbunker.com/news/features/risk-management/120043-introduction-to-bunker-hedging-tools-swapsE.Branch (2012) Elements of Shipping Routledge 7th editionICS (2012) Dry Cargo Chartering. 2012 edn. Livingston Witherby Shipping Business.ICS (2013) Shipping business. 2013 edn. London Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers.ICS (2015) Tanker chartering. 2015 edn London. Institute of Chartered ShipbrokersIMO (2016) International shipping carrier of world trade. Available http//www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/ShipsAndShippingFactsAndFigures/TheRoleandImportanceofInternationalShipping/IMO_Brochures/Documents/Internat ioinal%20Shipping%20-%20Carrier%20of%20world%20trade.pdfLectures given by Jonathan Challecombe, Philip Rogers International Shipping and Maritime Management and Markets (2014,2015,2016).M. Stopford (2009). Maritime Economics. 3rd ed. New York Routledge.Mercatus Energy Advisors (2016) Bunker Fuel Hedging Price take chances Management Swaps. Available https//www.mercatusenergy.com/blog/bid/74900/an-introduction-to-bunker-fuel-hedging-updatedNotteboom, T.E. and Rodrigue, J. (2005) Port Regionalization towards a new phase of development. Maritime Policy and Management. Vol 32(3) 297-313.Notteboom, T. (2004). Container Shipping and Ports An Overview. In Review of Network Economics. Vol 3(2) 86-106.capital of Minnesota Rodrigue. (2014). Economies and Diseconomies of Scale in Container Shipping. Available https//people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch3en/conc3en/contchipecoscale.htmlPaul Rodrigue. (2015). Transport Costs and Spatial Inequalities. Availab

Various Types Of Robots Computer Science Essay

Various Types Of Robots Computer Science EssayA Robot is artificial mechanical device that sewer hunt itself, whose motion moldiness be modeled, planned, sensed, actuated and controlled, and whose motion behaviour can be influenced by programming. Robots argon call(a)ed talented if they succeed in moving in safe interaction with an unstructured environment, firearm autonomously achieving their specified tasks. This definition implies that a device can only be called a robot if it contains a mov up to(p) mechanism, influenced by sensing, planning, actuation, and control components. It does not imply that a minimum number of these components must be implemented in softwargon, or be changeable by the consumer who uses the device for example, the motion behaviour can absorb been hard-wired into the device by the manufacturer.12.2 Three Laws of Robotics Science-fiction author Isaac Asimov is often devoted credit for organism the first person to use the term robotics in a short st ory composed in the 1940s. He suggested three principles to involve the behavior of robots and smart machines.-A robot may not injure a gentleman being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.A robot must obey orders facen it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.A robot must protect its own representence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.12.3 Components of robotic systems This figure depicts the components that are serving of all robotic systems. The real robot is somewhat mechanical device (mechanism) that moves around in the environment, and, in doing so, strong-armly interacts with this environment. This interaction involves the exchange of fleshly energy, in some form or another.Robotics as an integrated system of control interacting with theFigure components of robotic systemBoth the robot mechanism and the environment can be the cause of the physical interaction through Ac tuation, or experience the effect of the interaction, which can be totald through Sensing. Sensing and actuation are the physical ports through which the Controller of the robot determines the interaction of its mechanical body with the physical world. As mentioned already before, the controller can, in one extreme, consist of software only, alone in the other extreme e reallything can also be implemented in hardware. Within the Controller component, several sub-activities are often identifiedModelling- The input- issueput relationships of all control components can ( unless need not) be derived from information that is stored in a model. This model can have m both forms analytical formulas, empirical look-up tables, fuzzy rules, neuronal networks, etc.The other components discussed below can all have models inside. A System model can be used to tie multiple components together, but it is clear that not all robots use a System model. The Sensing model and Actuation model contain the information with which to transform raw physical data into task-dependent information for the controller, and vice versa.Planning- This is the activity that predicts the outcome of potential actions, and selects the best one. Almost by definition, planning can only be done on the basis of some sort of model.Regulation- This component processes the outputs of the sensing and planning components, to generate an actuation setpoint. Again, this regulation activity could or could not rely on some sort of (system) model. The term control is often used instead of regulation, but it is impossible to clearly identify the domains that use one term or the other.12.4 move Concept required for Robot Generally robots have at least the below mentioned parts and conceptsSensors Most robots of today are nearly deaf and blind. Sensors can provide some limited feedback to the robot so it can do its job. Compared to the senses and abilities of even the simplest living things, robots have a very long way to go.The detector sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller. A sensor also gives the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact mail of the arm, or the state of the world around it.Sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell are the kinds of information we get from our world. Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For instance, a robot sensor might see in the dark, detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or broadsheet movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see Switch SensorsLight SensorsPolarized lightResistive Position SensorsEffectors Aneffectoris any device that affects the environment. Robots control their effectors, which are also known as end effectors. Effectors include legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings and fins. Controllers cause the effectors to produce desired effects on the environment. two basic ways of using effectorsto move the robot around =locomotionto move other object around =manipulationActuators Actuators, also known as drives,are mechanisms for acquire robots to move. Most actuators are powered by pneumatics (air pressure), hydraulics (fluid pressure), or motors (electric current).Most actuation uses electromagnetic motors and gears but there have been frequent uses of other forms of actuation including muscle-wires and inexpensive Radio Control servos. To get a motor under calculator control, different motor types and actuator types are used. Some of the motor types are Synchronous, Stepper, AC servo, Brushless DC servo, and Brushed DC servo. Radio Control servos for model airplanes, cars and other vehicles are light, rugged, cheap and fairly easy to interface. Some of the units can provide very high torque speed. A Radio Control servo can be controlled from a parallel port.Controllers The robot connects to a computer, which keeps the pieces of the arm working toge ther. This computer is the controller. The controller functions as the brain of the robot. The controller can also network to other systems, so that the robot may work together with other machines, processes, or robotsArms common effectors known as Arms. The robot arm comes in all shapes and sizes and is the single most important part in robotic architecture. The arm is the part of the robot that spatial relations the End Effector and Sensors to do their pre-programmed business. Many (but not all) resemble human arms, and have shoulders, elbows, wrists, even fingers. This gives the robot a lot of ways to position itself in its environment.Artificial Intelligence The term artificial intelligence is defined as systems that combine sophisticated hardware and software with elaborate databases and knowledge-based processing models to express characteristics of effective human decision making. The criteria for artificial systems include the followingfunctional the system must be capab le of performing the function for which it has been designedable to manufacture the system must be capable of being manufactured by existing manufacturing processesdesignable the design of the system must be imaginable by designers working in their cultural contextmarketable the system must be perceived to serve some purpose well enough,Mobility Industrial robots are rarely mobile. Work is generally brought to the robot. A few industrial robots are mounted on tracks and are mobile within their workstation. Service robots are most the only kind of robots that travel autonomously. Re bet on robot mobility is extensive. The goal of the research is unremarkably to have the robot navigate in unstructured environments while encountering unforeseen obstacles. Some projects raise the technical barriers by insisting that the locomotion involve walking, either on two appendages, deal humans, or on many, like insects. Most projects, however, use wheels or tractor mechanisms. Many kinds of effectors and actuators can be used to move a robot around. Some categories arelegs (for walking/crawling/ climbing/jumping/hopping)wheels (for rolling)arms (for swinging/crawling/climbing)flippers (for swimming)Types of robot 12.5.1 Mobile Robot- Mobile robots are able to move, usually they perform task such as search areas. A prime example is the Mars Explorer, specifically designed to roam the mars surface. Mobile robots are a great help to such collapsed mental synthesis for survivors Mobile robots are used for task where people cannot go. Mobile robots can be divided in two categories1.1 Rolling Robots Rolling robots have wheels to move around. These are the type of robots that can quickly and easily search move around. However they are only useful in flat areas, rocky terrains give them a hard time. Flat terrains are their territory1.2 Walking Robots Robots on legs are usually brought in when the terrain is rocky and difficult to enter with wheels. Robots have a hard time shi fting balance and keep them from tumbling. Thats why most robots with have at least 4 of them, usually they have 6 legs or more. Even when they lift one or more legs they still keep their balance. Development of legged robots is often modeled after insects or crawfish.Stationary RobotsRobots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a human being. Most robots perform repeating tasks without ever moving an inch. Most robots are working in industry settings. Especially dull and repeating tasks are suitable for robots. A robot never grows tired it will perform its debt instrument day and night without ever complaining. In case the tasks at hand are done, the robots will be reprogrammed to perform other tasksAutonomous RobotsAutonomous robots are self supporting or in other words self contained. In a way they rely on their own brains. Autonomous robots melt down a program that gives them the opportunity to decide on the action to perform depending on their surroundings. At times t hese robots even learn new behavior. They start out with a short routine and adapt this routine to be more successful at the task they perform. The most successful routine will be repeated as such their behavior is shaped. Autonomous robots can learn to walk or avoid obstacles they find in their way. Think about a six legged robot, at first the legs move ad random, after a little while the robot adjust its program and performs a figure which enables it to move in a directionRemote-control RobotsAn autonomous robot is despite its autonomous not a very clever or intelligent unit. The recollection and brain capacity is usually limited an autonomous robot can be compared to an insect in that respect. In case a robot inescapably to perform more complicated yet undetermined tasks an autonomous robot is not the right choice. Complicated tasks are still best performed by human beings with real brainpower. A person can guide a robot by remote control. A person can perform difficult and us ually dangerous tasks without being at the spot where the tasks are performed. To detonate a bomb it is safer to send the robot to the danger areaVirtual Robots Virtual robots dont exist in real life. Virtual robots are just programs, building blocks of software inside a computer. A virtual robot can simulate a real robot or just perform a repeating task. A special kind of robot is a robot that searches the World vast Web. The internet has countless robots crawling from site to site. These WebCrawlers collect information on websites and send this information to the search engines. channelise RobotsBEAM is short for Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics and Mechanics. BEAM robots are made by hobbyists. BEAM robots can be simple and very suitable for starters.Key PointsRoboticsis a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation ofrobots. battleground of robotics overlaps with electronics, computer science,artificial intelligence, mechatronics,nanot echnology, and bioengineering.MITs Kismet an expressive robotic creature with perceptual and motor modalities tailored to natural human communication channels.In the future, robots will have a high level of intelligence, such as feeling and emotions, or the ability to make a rational decision on their own.Exercise Q.1 contend the Laws of Robotic system?Q.2 What are main components of any robotic system?Q.3 What kind of tasks a robot can perform?Q.4 What is the difference between Automation and Robots?Q.5 How can we measure performance of any robot?Q.6- What is degree of freedom? How much degree of freedom is required for 2D and 3D motion?

Evolution of Storage Media Technology Within the Data Centre

Evolution of remembering Media Technology Within the Data CentreAN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EVOLUTION OF STORAGE MEDIA engine room WITHIN THE DATA CENTRE TO SUPPORT THE I/O REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN APPLICATIONS.Chandan Chandapura Ramesh (x14111306)Abstract Technology has always played a tremendous role in phylogeny of data transshipment bosom media from the very starting punch cards to the present flash fags and from kilobytes to terabytes. The evolution of terminal included from the standardization of reposition devices i.e from monstrous trunks of kilobytes storehouse media to very humiliated microchip having the big computer stock capacity of gigabytes. However, in this paper we will look into evolution of fund devices from magnetic tape, magnetic debone, dram, FLOPPYs , CDs, DAT, DDS, MOD, , Micro drive, Mul clock timedia Card SD card, Cloud backup solutions. Finally, in this article about evolution about entrepot devices, we will look into an judicial decision pr oviding solutions for tiered transshipment center solutions and its development with reference illusionist, netapp tiered storage solutions and storage based on present storage trends.INRODUCTIONAs the time passed by, along with the time technology too has evolved in every step of life from basic needs to the advanced mode of humanity. Concur rently, the evolution in technology of computers has played a prominent role for humankind. Therefore, as the storage medium has also played a major role in computer architecture. Zetta. (2015) say as the computers evolved the storage mediums too had evolved, it all started from punch cards to present storage mediums like those that flash drives to SSD, companies study started to be relied on cloud backup solutions supported by data condenses.As per the need of todays Business strategies the requirement for data storage has increased tremendously comp atomic number 18d to past five years and to mitigate the costs all over storage of data, it has been segregated and designed as structured, semi-structured and unstructured data and they have been hold ond. As the data is considered officially as corporate assets, there has always been attacks that are more vulnerable. Therefore, data hardening has been a big challenge but windlessness many third party companies have been operative towards its excellence. Few measures which have been considered under the improvisation level are SAN, Fiber channel over Ethernet (Fcoe), Internet protocol, Converged Ne twork Adapter (CNA) etc.The storage network technology in the datacenters has been developed into many dissimilar configurations, which are DAS (direct attached storage), NAS (Network attached storage), SAT ( store area networks). In further section we will look this structures with some(prenominal) more details.BACKGROUNDAfter looking into all the prospective over the storage media briefly will have a detailed discussion over each storage model and it evolution.Magnet ic tape PCMag digital group. (2015) say it was the first few recording mediums used to record music. The data recorded was very in sequential format. It was manufactured by a ferromagnetic material the disadvantage of these tapes was they would be contaminated if they were not rolled and packed tightly. The tracks on storage device were running parallel to each other, which is called as parallel recording. In computing magnetic tapes are used to store auxiliary type of information. An subtile example for the computer system, which used magnetic tape, was UNIVAC. It had the capacity to handle 128 characters per inch so they were widely used in computers in earlier days.Magnetic vanquish Webopedia. (2015) it was direct access storage device, which was metallic cylinder, which was coated by a material called magnetic-iron-oxide. The tracks recorded on the cylindrical device were stored in channels and it was capable of holding 200 tracks were the drum used to rotate at 3000rpm. But still it had a drawback which is that they were not able to store too much of data.DRAM (dynamic random access memory) it is a medium that is been used store the memory temporarily and it is been used widely in todays computer systems. It is made up of small capacitor and transistors. Dram has many cells and each cell is equal to a Bit. The elements on Dram are organized in rows and columns. Todays computers use these cells in metre modules.FLOPPYs Riaz, Rashid et al (2015) say it is portable computer storage phonograph recordings were data could be handled easily. They are more fragile, low at cost. It was highly dispensable for the people working on their personnel laptops and other processors. It poses a capacity of 250kb to 1.6 mb so it varies on the size of the disk.CDs, DAT, DDS, MOD, Multimedia Card, Micro drive, SD card were the next generation storage medias. CD-ROM was highly used to save and retrieve the data immensely on the systems. DAT was the digital recording tabl e, which was actually released by the Sony in 1987. The main(prenominal) advantage is the data is recorded digitally rather that in analog style. But when compared to CD the performance of DAT is higher and advanced. Micro drives or so called flash drives are portable storage drives used to transfer small amount data very fast and efficiently and so on still the storage media has always been improvising till the present holographic storage formats and still going on giving out the services.Evolution of technologies in Data center storage servicesUntil now, we had brief discussion of opposite storage technologies in common IT infrastructures. SIEMON. (2015) say as the time has passed by evolution of DATA center has taken place in parallel. However, it was much more advanced as the data stored in the data center is considered as the corporate assets. so to store data securely different storage models have been introduced they are SAN, Fiber channel over Ethernet (Fcoe) , internet pr otocol, converged network adapter (CNA) under doff rent configurations like DAS (direct attached storage), NAS (Network attached storage), Further, in this paper will briefly look into every step of these evolution strategies.SAN (storage area network) 6 it is a high-velocity network for the storage devices, which would be connected to the servers. The main advantage of SAN is it provides great assistance in backing up the data and disaster recovery. SAN uses fiber opthalmic cable so that the data transfer rate from one location to different location will be high.Fiber channel over Ethernet (Fcoe) 6 it provides a great solution for the organizations possessing parallel network infrastructure issues. Fiber channel gives a high-speed data transfer protocol serially and standards for enterprise degree storage solutions, the transfer rates can be up to 10gbs. Fiber channels operate at great speeds like 4,16, 32 gb/s , but generally in IEEE 802.3ae standards the distance supported for 10GB Ethernet is 10km. so it is highly privileged in datacenters.Internet protocol6 it is group or singular drive which are combined together but they are not part of storage network but considered to be more over the internal storage media on personnel laptops.NAS (network-attached storage) 6 offers high-level storage solutions in file sharing services because the architecture is directly connected to LAN. However, because of these characters in NAS it synchronizes hardware storage resources into network, so it can be used to develop multiple networked services and by doing this storage utilization is very efficient.So based on the above technologies the storage solutions have been improvise but still there many technological labs still working on improvement on the performance, reliability and so on.Storage Media SolutionsIn this paper will further discuss and present an assessment on tiered storage media solution on any top two companys depended on any context of the data at any particular time. We will be taking Netapp tiered storage solutions and Oracle tiered storage solutions. Tiered storage solutions TechTarget (2005) the storage solutions are to segregation of data based on the company-defined policies to reduce the cost effectiveness of the data. The segregation may include different categories like performance, usage, security and so on.6 Tiered storage lie ins few different tiers like tier 1, 2 and 3 data. Tier 1 includes highly bare-ass data so data isolation is main aspect hence they are stored in expensive media solutions. Tier 2 data will consist of type two classified files so the storage media expense is reduced. In Tier 3 it consists of unclassified data the expenses are very less as the data is stored in in less expensive media.Oracle Tired Storage Solution ServiceOracle optimized solutions (2015) the main aim of oracle tiered solution is to provide highly efficient scalability and flexibility for the data. An always-new data storage tren d was needed for better storage efficiency. As the data grows there was an probability arising for new wave lengths, Based on this aspects oracle offered optimized tiered solution to protect data as well, set down cost for storage and massive scalability. 3 providing Oracles disk and tape storage systems for better performance than many other storage media Introducing Oracle Storage tek modular tape gives a high throughput at lower cost and Oracle e Hierarchical Storage Manager provides configurable file system view and policy based management and data protection. They predicted that reduced deployment provides additional savings. Reduced data risk due to pretesting, ensured access and data integrity. They provide higher quality of the data availability and integrity. Oracle applies all the tiers for the data storage solutions based on the client requirements. Oracles StorageTek T10000D offers outstanding bit error rate. it predicts that it offers 12.6 times better TCO than EMC i silonn soln.Netapp Tired Storage Solution ServiceNetApp (2012) has great views towards the optimizing storage efficiency and performance. The main solution they give is, the right data at the right time at the right cost. Netapp provides a very different and unique way of solution for storing the data with an automated way of approach. The virtual tier provides a real time response to most of the demanding applications, ability to merge the data others tiers whenever required, conducting data cloning and SSD technologies. Basically provides reduced power -cooling storage.The developed flash technology in the 2 storage tiers of Netapp has helped in increasing the efficiency of the storage solutions.The key advantage of Netapp services provided for storage infrastructure will be the self-managing data-driven service layer. It helps mitigating the costs based on the performance for the classification of the data. The major frisk to help the performance of the workloads would be the Netapp Flash Cache PCI-e-based modules. The workloads are like the file service workloads and OLTP workload etcConclusionIn this paper, we initially discussed about the evolution of the storage media as the time it was integrated including the storage architecture. We even took a brief review about two companies providing storage services which are oracle tier storage solutions and netapp tier storage solutions. we actually had a view how both the companies mitigate the storage structure difficulties and provide a wide target of solutions for the clients which is a good prospective towards the development. The tiered storage solutions of each different vendors are competitive which indirectly supporting the development of the storage technologies. The tiered storage solutions describes the different levels of the storage entities set-up with different clients based on the value of the data. So we conclude telling that the development of storage solutions has to be much more improvi sed based on the requirement and developments.Bibliography1) Memory information. Online Available from http//www.memoryinformation.com/dram.htmTime accessed 238 am, date 4/6/20152) NetApp (2012) NetApp Virtual Storage Tier Online 2012Available from http//www.netapp.com/us/technology/virtual-storage-tier/Time accessed 1232 am, date 7/4/20153) Oracle optimized solutions (2015) Maximize Storage Efficiencies for Sharing Data Oracle Optimized Solution for Tiered Storage Infrastructure online January 2015Available from http//www.oracle.com/us/solutions/oos/tiered-storage-infrastructure/tiered-storage-infra- bus-wp- 1911879.pdfTime accessed 1239 am, date 7/4/20154) PCMag digital group. (2015) ENCYCLOPEDIA online 2015Available from http//www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/46499/magnetic-tapeTime accessed 2.08 am, date 4/6/20155) Riaz, Rashid. Floppy Disk.How Products Are Made. 1994.Encyclopedia.com.10 Apr. 2015Available from http//www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Floppy_Disk.aspxTime accessed 2.48p m, date 4/6/20156) SIEMON. (2015) Data Center Storage Evolution. Online 2015.Available from http//www.siemon.com/us/white_papers/14-07-29-data-center-storage-evolution.aspTime accessed 118 am, date 4/6/20157) TechTarget (2005) Tiered storage online September 2005Available from http//searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/tiered-storageTime accessed 845pm, date 10/4/20158) Webopedia. (2015) magnetic drum online 2015Available from http//www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/magnetic_drum.htmlTime accessed 2.18 am, date 4/6/20159) Webopedia. (2015) SAN-storage area network online 2015Available from http//www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SAN.htmlTime accessed 827 pm, date 6/4/201510) Wikipedia (2015) Digital Audio Tape. Online March 2015.Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_TapeReferencesAccessed 810 pm, date10/4/201511) Zetta. (2015) The History of Computer Storage. Online February 2015.Available from http//www.zetta.net/history-of-computer-storage/Time accessed 4/5/2015, 1135 pm12) G oda, K. Kitsuregawa, M., The History of Storage Systems,Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.100, no.Special Centennial Issue, pp.1433,1440, May 13 2012 doi 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2189787 universal resource locatorhttp//ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=6182574isnumber=625991013) Knowles, Mike, Survey of the storage evolution,User Group Conference, 2003. Proceedings, vol., no., pp.362,367, 9-13 June 2003 doi 10.1109/DODUGC.2003.1253418 URLhttp//ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1253418isnumber=280421

Women in Islam Essay -- Islam

In my research paper, I will try to argue that the way that Muslim extremists kickshaw women in Islam, couldnt be further away than what the Islam preaches. Misinformation and misconception about Muslim women is the main reasons why so m any Westerners have the attend of Islam, especially in America, associated it with bad images of oppressed women hiding in their hijab,, or walking behind their husbands. What does Islam say about women and their rights. Do Islamic countries preserve Islamic teaching when dealing with womens issues? Beliefs about how Muslim women are treated and blame the religion rather of the culture from which they came from. I hope that instead of falling into the typical stereotypes and cultural innovation, the information here will inform you of the true religion of Islam and how women are supposed to be treated through the unmediated words of god from any human being. Islam is one of the fastest growing religions in the world. However, when people say , Islam, most people think about terrorism and the cataclysm of September 11th, but what is true Islam? How does this affect todays world? Islam may be the most misunderstood religion in the world, but after reading this, youll in all likelihood have a lot more than in common with the religion that is so foreign to so many. A comprehensive demographic study of more than 200 countries finds that in that respect are 1.57 billion Muslims of all ages living in the world today, representing 23 percent of an estimated 2009 world population of 6.8 billion. Islam is one of the fasted growing religions there is today. Many of those converts are woman who are attracted to the religion based on its treatment for women. Islam is growing about 2.9% per year which is faster than the t... ...to preserve it from any altering like what happened to the religious scriptures, so the community started with the oral tradition of memorizing and before the time of the prophets death, the Koran wa s compiled with his approval and its still preserved in the same way as it was revealed to us 1400 years ago. The holy hand not only had been memorized by the prophet, but he was also tested every year from the same angel and he was to repeat every single word back to him for 23 years until he died. and that promise has been fulfilled in that , its been untouched The Koran contains guidance defining the role of women in Islam according to the Koran, which hasnt been altered for the last 1400 years. The guidance within this holy book were given to prophet Muhammad, which was Islams last and final messenger, over the span of twenty-three years from the angel Gabriel.

The Liability of Tobacco Makers Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essa

The Liability of Tobacco MakersCig arettes have an affect on almost everyone, even if a person does not smoke. A creationname Charles Green was affected by cigarettes, even though he never smoked a cigarette in his life. Green is 39 old age old, and he used to be a very athletic person. That is, until he began working for a attach to full of smokers. Green worked behind a desk in an office building where everyone around him smoked. He was shoved in a little cubicle where smoke was thick in the air from his coworkers. After a time, Charles requisite medication to help control his asthma from all of the smoke in his lungs. When he began to complain about the smoke, he was told to Live with it. When Charles decided to sue the company and the baccy industry, he was awarded $60,000 for workers compensation. Green was not the only worker to sue tobacco companies, and he will not be the weather (Were Fighting). Is it right that people are allowed to put tobacco companies at fault for illness due to smoking?Each year there are hundreds of court cases in the United States against tobaccocompanies just like Charles Greens case. Long term smokers and nonsmokers like Green aresuing large tobacco companies for injuries from smoking. They feel that tobacco companiesshould be punished for making a product that millions of people use everyday. Although studies show that smoking cigarettes may cause cancer, tobacco companies take over that there is not a direct link. If the tobacco companies start losing the court cases, the price of cigarettes will increase. This increase is designed to keep people from buying cigarettes because of the utmost prices (Olsson).Even though tobacco companies have only lost one case, the link between smokingc... ...ere are also warning labels on every product with tobacco in it that is sold in the United States. Although there has only been one case where a tobacco company has ended up paying a settlement, I feel that as more people get ca ncer, more people will find new ways to sue. whole shebang CitedHighlights of the Tobacco Settlement. 26 June 1997. Facts on File World News Digest. 30October 2004 .Olsson, Johan. Product Liability in the Tobacco Industry. A Contemporary Issue. 29 April1994. generation Square. 2 November 2004.Tobacco Litigation Documents. 27 September 2004. Galen Digital Library of UCSF. 29October 2004 .Were Fighting Big Tobacco. 2000. JEL Iowa. 30 October 2004 .