Various Types Of Robots Computer Science Essay

Various Types Of Robots Computer Science EssayA Robot is artificial mechanical device that sewer hunt itself, whose motion moldiness be modeled, planned, sensed, actuated and controlled, and whose motion behaviour can be influenced by programming. Robots argon call(a)ed talented if they succeed in moving in safe interaction with an unstructured environment, firearm autonomously achieving their specified tasks. This definition implies that a device can only be called a robot if it contains a mov up to(p) mechanism, influenced by sensing, planning, actuation, and control components. It does not imply that a minimum number of these components must be implemented in softwargon, or be changeable by the consumer who uses the device for example, the motion behaviour can absorb been hard-wired into the device by the manufacturer.12.2 Three Laws of Robotics Science-fiction author Isaac Asimov is often devoted credit for organism the first person to use the term robotics in a short st ory composed in the 1940s. He suggested three principles to involve the behavior of robots and smart machines.-A robot may not injure a gentleman being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.A robot must obey orders facen it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.A robot must protect its own representence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.12.3 Components of robotic systems This figure depicts the components that are serving of all robotic systems. The real robot is somewhat mechanical device (mechanism) that moves around in the environment, and, in doing so, strong-armly interacts with this environment. This interaction involves the exchange of fleshly energy, in some form or another.Robotics as an integrated system of control interacting with theFigure components of robotic systemBoth the robot mechanism and the environment can be the cause of the physical interaction through Ac tuation, or experience the effect of the interaction, which can be totald through Sensing. Sensing and actuation are the physical ports through which the Controller of the robot determines the interaction of its mechanical body with the physical world. As mentioned already before, the controller can, in one extreme, consist of software only, alone in the other extreme e reallything can also be implemented in hardware. Within the Controller component, several sub-activities are often identifiedModelling- The input- issueput relationships of all control components can ( unless need not) be derived from information that is stored in a model. This model can have m both forms analytical formulas, empirical look-up tables, fuzzy rules, neuronal networks, etc.The other components discussed below can all have models inside. A System model can be used to tie multiple components together, but it is clear that not all robots use a System model. The Sensing model and Actuation model contain the information with which to transform raw physical data into task-dependent information for the controller, and vice versa.Planning- This is the activity that predicts the outcome of potential actions, and selects the best one. Almost by definition, planning can only be done on the basis of some sort of model.Regulation- This component processes the outputs of the sensing and planning components, to generate an actuation setpoint. Again, this regulation activity could or could not rely on some sort of (system) model. The term control is often used instead of regulation, but it is impossible to clearly identify the domains that use one term or the other.12.4 move Concept required for Robot Generally robots have at least the below mentioned parts and conceptsSensors Most robots of today are nearly deaf and blind. Sensors can provide some limited feedback to the robot so it can do its job. Compared to the senses and abilities of even the simplest living things, robots have a very long way to go.The detector sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller. A sensor also gives the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact mail of the arm, or the state of the world around it.Sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell are the kinds of information we get from our world. Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For instance, a robot sensor might see in the dark, detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or broadsheet movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see Switch SensorsLight SensorsPolarized lightResistive Position SensorsEffectors Aneffectoris any device that affects the environment. Robots control their effectors, which are also known as end effectors. Effectors include legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings and fins. Controllers cause the effectors to produce desired effects on the environment. two basic ways of using effectorsto move the robot around =locomotionto move other object around =manipulationActuators Actuators, also known as drives,are mechanisms for acquire robots to move. Most actuators are powered by pneumatics (air pressure), hydraulics (fluid pressure), or motors (electric current).Most actuation uses electromagnetic motors and gears but there have been frequent uses of other forms of actuation including muscle-wires and inexpensive Radio Control servos. To get a motor under calculator control, different motor types and actuator types are used. Some of the motor types are Synchronous, Stepper, AC servo, Brushless DC servo, and Brushed DC servo. Radio Control servos for model airplanes, cars and other vehicles are light, rugged, cheap and fairly easy to interface. Some of the units can provide very high torque speed. A Radio Control servo can be controlled from a parallel port.Controllers The robot connects to a computer, which keeps the pieces of the arm working toge ther. This computer is the controller. The controller functions as the brain of the robot. The controller can also network to other systems, so that the robot may work together with other machines, processes, or robotsArms common effectors known as Arms. The robot arm comes in all shapes and sizes and is the single most important part in robotic architecture. The arm is the part of the robot that spatial relations the End Effector and Sensors to do their pre-programmed business. Many (but not all) resemble human arms, and have shoulders, elbows, wrists, even fingers. This gives the robot a lot of ways to position itself in its environment.Artificial Intelligence The term artificial intelligence is defined as systems that combine sophisticated hardware and software with elaborate databases and knowledge-based processing models to express characteristics of effective human decision making. The criteria for artificial systems include the followingfunctional the system must be capab le of performing the function for which it has been designedable to manufacture the system must be capable of being manufactured by existing manufacturing processesdesignable the design of the system must be imaginable by designers working in their cultural contextmarketable the system must be perceived to serve some purpose well enough,Mobility Industrial robots are rarely mobile. Work is generally brought to the robot. A few industrial robots are mounted on tracks and are mobile within their workstation. Service robots are most the only kind of robots that travel autonomously. Re bet on robot mobility is extensive. The goal of the research is unremarkably to have the robot navigate in unstructured environments while encountering unforeseen obstacles. Some projects raise the technical barriers by insisting that the locomotion involve walking, either on two appendages, deal humans, or on many, like insects. Most projects, however, use wheels or tractor mechanisms. Many kinds of effectors and actuators can be used to move a robot around. Some categories arelegs (for walking/crawling/ climbing/jumping/hopping)wheels (for rolling)arms (for swinging/crawling/climbing)flippers (for swimming)Types of robot 12.5.1 Mobile Robot- Mobile robots are able to move, usually they perform task such as search areas. A prime example is the Mars Explorer, specifically designed to roam the mars surface. Mobile robots are a great help to such collapsed mental synthesis for survivors Mobile robots are used for task where people cannot go. Mobile robots can be divided in two categories1.1 Rolling Robots Rolling robots have wheels to move around. These are the type of robots that can quickly and easily search move around. However they are only useful in flat areas, rocky terrains give them a hard time. Flat terrains are their territory1.2 Walking Robots Robots on legs are usually brought in when the terrain is rocky and difficult to enter with wheels. Robots have a hard time shi fting balance and keep them from tumbling. Thats why most robots with have at least 4 of them, usually they have 6 legs or more. Even when they lift one or more legs they still keep their balance. Development of legged robots is often modeled after insects or crawfish.Stationary RobotsRobots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a human being. Most robots perform repeating tasks without ever moving an inch. Most robots are working in industry settings. Especially dull and repeating tasks are suitable for robots. A robot never grows tired it will perform its debt instrument day and night without ever complaining. In case the tasks at hand are done, the robots will be reprogrammed to perform other tasksAutonomous RobotsAutonomous robots are self supporting or in other words self contained. In a way they rely on their own brains. Autonomous robots melt down a program that gives them the opportunity to decide on the action to perform depending on their surroundings. At times t hese robots even learn new behavior. They start out with a short routine and adapt this routine to be more successful at the task they perform. The most successful routine will be repeated as such their behavior is shaped. Autonomous robots can learn to walk or avoid obstacles they find in their way. Think about a six legged robot, at first the legs move ad random, after a little while the robot adjust its program and performs a figure which enables it to move in a directionRemote-control RobotsAn autonomous robot is despite its autonomous not a very clever or intelligent unit. The recollection and brain capacity is usually limited an autonomous robot can be compared to an insect in that respect. In case a robot inescapably to perform more complicated yet undetermined tasks an autonomous robot is not the right choice. Complicated tasks are still best performed by human beings with real brainpower. A person can guide a robot by remote control. A person can perform difficult and us ually dangerous tasks without being at the spot where the tasks are performed. To detonate a bomb it is safer to send the robot to the danger areaVirtual Robots Virtual robots dont exist in real life. Virtual robots are just programs, building blocks of software inside a computer. A virtual robot can simulate a real robot or just perform a repeating task. A special kind of robot is a robot that searches the World vast Web. The internet has countless robots crawling from site to site. These WebCrawlers collect information on websites and send this information to the search engines. channelise RobotsBEAM is short for Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics and Mechanics. BEAM robots are made by hobbyists. BEAM robots can be simple and very suitable for starters.Key PointsRoboticsis a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation ofrobots. battleground of robotics overlaps with electronics, computer science,artificial intelligence, mechatronics,nanot echnology, and bioengineering.MITs Kismet an expressive robotic creature with perceptual and motor modalities tailored to natural human communication channels.In the future, robots will have a high level of intelligence, such as feeling and emotions, or the ability to make a rational decision on their own.Exercise Q.1 contend the Laws of Robotic system?Q.2 What are main components of any robotic system?Q.3 What kind of tasks a robot can perform?Q.4 What is the difference between Automation and Robots?Q.5 How can we measure performance of any robot?Q.6- What is degree of freedom? How much degree of freedom is required for 2D and 3D motion?